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1.
Data often contain periodic components plus random variability. Walsh analysis reveals periodicities by fitting rectangular functions to data. It is analogous to Fourier analysis, which represents data as sine and cosine functions. For many behavioral measures, Fourier transforms can produce spurious peaks in power spectra and fail to resolve separable components. Walsh analysis is superior for strongly discontinuous data. The strengths and weaknesses of each transform are discussed, and specific algorithms are given for the newer Walsh technique. 相似文献
2.
Donald G. York 《Zygon》1995,30(3):477-478
Abstract. Frank Tipler's The Physics of Immortality provides abundant cause for intellectual offense—including challenges to physics, to theology, and, seemingly, to common sense. Few philosophical conundrums remain unaddressed. Still, the book is stimulating and well presented. 相似文献
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Animal Cognition - When choosing among multi-attribute options, integrating the full information may be computationally costly and time-consuming. So-called non-compensatory decision rules only... 相似文献
5.
Thomas?W.?MillerEmail author Robert?F.?Kraus Chelsea?A.?York 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2005,35(4):347-357
Health-focused psychotherapy offers a contemporary model used in assessment, treatment planning and evaluation in addressing
patients with both medical and psychiatric diagnoses. Clinicians in the health and mental health disciplines must know and
understand the importance of standards of care and models of intervention and evaluation in clinical practice for this type
of patient. Examined is the use of a specific model providing a tailored orientation to patient education, along with the
development and use of a clinical algorithm and care pathway for clinical practice. Provided is a case study for applying
the development and use of a clinical algorithm and care pathway for a dual diagnosed patient receiving health-focused psychotherapy. 相似文献
6.
Uneconomical choices by humans or animals that evaluate reward options challenge the expectation that decision-makers always
maximize the return currency. One possible explanation for such deviations from optimality is that the ability to sense differences
in physical value between available alternatives is constrained by the sensory and cognitive processes for encoding profitability.
In this study, we investigated the capacity of a nectarivorous bat species (Glossophaga commissarisi) to discriminate between sugar solutions with different concentrations. We conducted a two-alternative free-choice experiment
on a population of wild electronically tagged bats foraging at an array of computer-automated artificial flowers that recorded
individual choices. We used a Bayesian approach to fit individual psychometric functions, relating the strength of preferring
the higher concentration option to the intensity of the presented stimulus. Psychometric analysis revealed that discrimination
ability increases non-linearly with respect to intensity. We combined this result with a previous psychometric analysis of
volume perception. Our theoretical analysis of choice for rewards that vary in two quality dimensions revealed regions of
parameter combinations where uneconomic choice is expected. Discrimination ability may be constrained by non-linear perceptual
and cognitive encoding processes that result in uneconomical choice. 相似文献
7.
The presentation of a Bayesian inference problem in terms of natural frequencies rather than probabilities has been shown to enhance performance. The effect of individual differences in cognitive processing on Bayesian reasoning has rarely been studied, despite enabling us to test process-oriented variants of the two main accounts of the facilitative effect of natural frequencies: The ecological rationality account (ERA), which postulates an evolutionarily shaped ease of natural frequency automatic processing, and the nested sets account (NSA), which posits analytical processing of nested sets. In two experiments, we found that cognitive reflection abilities predicted normative performance equally well in tasks featuring whole and arbitrarily parsed objects (Experiment 1) and that cognitive abilities and thinking dispositions (analytical vs. intuitive) predicted performance with single-event probabilities, as well as natural frequencies (Experiment 2). Since these individual differences indicate that analytical processing improves Bayesian reasoning, our findings provide stronger support for the NSA than for the ERA. 相似文献
8.
Dana G. Thames Carolyn Reeves Richard Kazelskis Kathleen York Charlotte Boling Kavatus Newell 《Reading Psychology》2013,34(1):86-115
This study examined the effects of individualized, integrated language arts as a reading approach on struggling readers' comprehension scores obtained from oral narrative, silent narrative, and silent expository passages at three levels: below-grade, on-grade, and above-grade levels. Students (N = 93) in grades four through eight, who were reading below grade level, participated in the study. Treatment group students (n = 51) received individualized, integrated language arts as a reading approach once a week in place of basal reading instruction. Comparison group students (n = 42) received basal reading instruction for the duration of the study. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze posttest Analytical Reading Inventory (ARI) comprehension scores. Several statistically significant (p < .001) differences in comprehension performance were found for on-grade-level scores and for above-grade-level scores, but few differences were found between treatment and comparison groups on below-grade-level scores. All statistically significant differences favored students in the treatment group. The findings of the study strongly suggest that the use of individualized, integrated language arts as a method for teaching reading is an effective approach for improving the reading comprehension performance of struggling readers. 相似文献
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Place learning abilities represent adaptations that contribute also to foraging efficiency under given spatio-temporal conditions.
We investigated if this ability in turn constrains decision making in two sympatric vole species: while the herbivorous common
vole (Microtus arvalis) feeds on spatio-temporally predictable food resources (e.g. roots, tubers and shoots of plant tubers), the omnivorous bank
vole (Myodes glareolus) additionally subsists on temporally unpredictable food resources (e.g. insects and seeds). Here, we compare the spatial
reference memory and working memory of the two species. In an automated operant home cage with eight water places, female
voles either had to learn the fixed position of non-depletable places (reference memory task) or learn and avoid previously
visited water places depleted in a single visit (win-shift task). In the reference memory task, Microtus females required significantly more choices to find all water places, initially performed slightly worse than Myodes females, and displayed slightly lower asymptotic performance. Both species were highly similar in new learning of the same
task. In the more complex win-shift task, asymptotic performance was significantly lower in Microtus (72% correct) than in Myodes (79%). Our results suggest that both vole species resemble each other in their efficiency to exploit habitats with low spatio-temporal
complexity but may differ in their efficiency at exploiting habitats with temporally changing spatial food distributions.
The results imply that spatial ability adjusted to specific food distributions may impair flexible use of habitats that differ
in their food distribution and therefore, decrease a species’ chances of survival in highly dynamic environments. 相似文献