排序方式: 共有10条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1
1.
A clenched fist is a gesture often seen both within and outside sports that seems to communicate success or to function in
self-encouragement or the encouragement of others. This “encouragement gesture” involves the contraction of forearm flexors,
similar to the grasping action that is part of acquisitive approach actions. This gesture may be part of a physiological feedback
mechanism that functions to increase or sustain levels of approach in challenging situations by signaling the sufficiency
of resources (muscle strength). Here we show that for pleasant but not unpleasant words, subjects were faster in categorizing
words while contracting their forearm flexors rather than their forearm tensors. This effect dissipated during the first minute
of performance, which may reflect habituation of interoceptive feedback. The data further suggest that the effect is larger
when experimenter and subject are of opposite sexes. The facilitated responding to pleasant stimuli suggests that contraction
of the forearm flexors promotes approach. 相似文献
2.
Serotonin is a fundamental neuromodulator in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems, with a suspected role in many human mental disorders. Yet, because of the complexity of serotonergic function, researchers have been unable to agree on a general theory. One function suggested for serotonin systems is the avoidance of threat. We propose and review evidence for an alternative hypothesis, that a phylogenetically primitive of function of serotonin is to oppose the activating neuromodulators (particularly noradrenalin and dopamine). The functional effect of this opposition can be seen as applying a drive to withdraw from dangerous, aversive or high stimulation environments. Proposing that serotonin is involved in a drive to withdraw and seek contentment, instead of a drive to avoid, may be compatible with several lines of evidence on serotonin function and may facilitate a better understanding of serotonergic neuromodulation in human psychopathology. 相似文献
3.
4.
Prior experiments indicated that reading literary fiction improves mentalising performance relative to reading popular fiction, non-fiction, or not reading. However, the experiments had relatively small sample sizes and hence low statistical power. To address this limitation, the present authors conducted four high-powered replication experiments (combined N?=?1006) testing the causal impact of reading literary fiction on mentalising. Relative to the original research, the present experiments used the same literary texts in the reading manipulation; the same mentalising task; and the same kind of participant samples. Moreover, one experiment was pre-registered as a direct replication. In none of the experiments did reading literary fiction have any effect on mentalising relative to control conditions. The results replicate earlier findings that familiarity with fiction is positively correlated with mentalising. Taken together, the present findings call into question whether a single session of reading fiction leads to immediate improvements in mentalising. 相似文献
5.
Caffeine, fatigue, and cognition 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Effects of caffeine and fatigue are discussed with special attention to adenosine-dopamine interactions. Effects of caffeine on human cognition are diverse. Behavioural measurements indicate a general improvement in the efficiency of information processing after caffeine, while the EEG data support the general belief that caffeine acts as a stimulant. Studies using ERP measures indicate that caffeine has an effect on attention, which is independent of specific stimulus characteristics. Behavioural effects on response related processes turned out to be mainly related to more peripheral motor processes. Recent insights in adenosine and dopamine physiology and functionality and their relationships with fatigue point to a possible modulation by caffeine of mechanisms involved in the regulation of behavioural energy expenditure. 相似文献
6.
Markus Quirin Michael D. Robinson John F. Rauthmann Julius Kuhl Stephen J. Read Mattie Tops Colin G. DeYoung 《欧洲人格杂志》2020,34(6):947-968
Over the last few decades, most personality psychology research has been focused on assessing personality via scores on a few broad traits and investigating how these scores predict various behaviours and outcomes. This approach does not seek to explain the causal mechanisms underlying human personality and thus falls short of explaining the proximal sources of traits as well as the variation of individuals' behaviour over time and across situations. On the basis of the commonalities shared by influential process-oriented personality theories and models, we describe a general dynamics of personality approach (DPA). The DPA relies heavily on theoretical principles applicable to complex adaptive systems that self-regulate via feedback mechanisms, and it parses the sources of personality in terms of various psychological functions relevant in different phases of self-regulation. Thus, we consider personality to be rooted in individual differences in various cognitive, emotional–motivational, and volitional functions, as well as their causal interactions. In this article, we lay out 20 tenets for the DPA that may serve as a guideline for integrative research in personality science. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
7.
Mental toughness is an important characteristic contributing to athletic excellence (Jones, Hanton, & Connaughton, 2007), yet little quantitative research has examined how psychological skills such as imagery contribute to its development. The present study investigated the relationship between mental toughness with imagery in a sample of varsity athletes (N = 151, Mage = 20.70). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that imagery use significantly predicted mental toughness. Specifically, motivational general-mastery imagery emerged as the strongest individual predictor for all dimensions of mental toughness (β = .45-.53), thus, providing support for imagery use as a potential strategy for developing or enhancing mental toughness in athletes. 相似文献
8.
Huffmeijer R Alink LR Tops M Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ van IJzendoorn MH 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(2):382-392
Asymmetric frontal brain activity has been widely implicated in reactions to emotional stimuli and is thought to reflect individual
differences in approach–withdrawal motivation. Here, we investigate whether asymmetric frontal activity, as a measure of approach–withdrawal
motivation, also predicts charitable donations after a charity’s (emotion-eliciting) promotional video showing a child in
need is viewed, in a sample of 47 young adult women. In addition, we explore possibilities for mediation and moderation, by
asymmetric frontal activity, of the effects of intranasally administered oxytocin and parental love withdrawal on charitable
donations. Greater relative left frontal activity was related to larger donations. In addition, we found evidence of moderation:
Low levels of parental love withdrawal predicted larger donations in the oxytocin condition for participants showing greater
relative right frontal activity. We suggest that when approach motivation is high (reflected in greater relative left frontal
activity), individuals are generally inclined to take action upon seeing someone in need and, thus, to donate money to actively
help out. Only when approach motivation is low (reflected in less relative left/greater relative right activity) do empathic
concerns affected by oxytocin and experiences of love withdrawal play an important part in deciding about donations. 相似文献
9.
Omar Saldaña Tops Emma Antelo Carmen Almendros Rodríguez 《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2018,27(9):1003-1021
The purpose of this study was to delimit the psychological and social disturbances that individuals who have suffered psychological abuse within a social group on an ongoing basis can experience. A comprehensive classification of these disturbances was developed based on a review of the scientific literature. Its content was revised by an international panel of 38 experts on the topic. Experts also judged the frequency and intensity with which each disturbance is commonly experienced by survivors of abusive groups. The taxonomy, which includes 20 components classified into four main categories, showed adequate content validity. The components considered the most frequent and intense were related to emotional difficulties, followed by those associated with relational and social integration difficulties, cognitive difficulties, and, finally, other specific problematic behaviors. Operationalizing and classifying the specific psychological and social disturbances commonly experienced by survivors of abusive groups contributes to a better delimitation of the phenomenon. Likewise, it contributes to the understanding of the long-term effects of psychological abuse, which is useful in both the academic and clinical settings. 相似文献
10.
We hypothesized that interactions between traits and context predict task engagement, as measured by the amplitude of the
error-related negativity (ERN), performance, and relative frontal activity asymmetry (RFA). In Study 1, we found that drive
for reward, absorption, and constraint independently predicted self-reported persistence. We hypothesized that, during a prolonged
monotonous task, absorption would predict initial ERN amplitudes, constraint would delay declines in ERN amplitudes and deterioration
of performance, and drive for reward would predict left RFA when a reward could be obtained. Study 2, employing EEG recordings,
confirmed our predictions. The results showed that most traits that have in previous research been related to ERN amplitudes
have a relationship with the motivational trait persistence in common. In addition, trait—context combinations that are likely
associated with increased engagement predict larger ERN amplitudes and RFA. Together, these results support the hypothesis
that engagement may be a common underlying factor predicting ERN amplitude. 相似文献
1