试谈藏族成文习惯法规的历史渊源与藏传佛教戒律之间的内在关系

藏传佛教戒律文化是藏族文化最重要的组成部分,也是藏族文化真正的价值实践所在。佛教自7世纪传入藏地以来,藏传佛教的哲学思想和价值体系作为藏族精神文化的主体和核心,引导、影响着藏族文化的方方面面。“戒律存则佛法存,戒律灭则佛法终”,藏传佛教戒律既是藏传佛教发展的制度保证,也是藏传佛教思想的具体体现,故而在庞大的藏文化体系中占有举足轻重的地位,具有特殊的作用和意义,其影响广泛而深刻。从藏族成文习惯法规与藏传佛教戒律之间的内在关系可以看出,藏族法律无论在内在指导精神还是外在表现形式上,都受到了佛教戒律的直接影响。借助法律这种强制手段,佛教的行为规范在藏族人民身上打下了更加深刻的烙印。人们逐渐习惯于以佛教思想的好恶来评判一切,从而形成了慈悲为怀、宽容相待、诚实公正的社会风气,“封山封林、禁猎野生动物”的规定使藏地成为一个生态平衡、人与动物和谐相处、未受人为污染的良好生态环境。文章基于法律多元的事实,应用宗教学、人类学和社会学的方法,认为习惯法是客观存在的,在依法治国的道路上必须充分关注习惯法及其固有特点,为和谐社会的建设给予习惯法中的优秀成分以合理的发挥空间,否则会造成对法治资源的无知与浪费,不利于法治建设的最终目的。     

How does parallel language activation affect switch costs during trilingual language comprehension?

ABSTRACT

Declerck, M., Koch, I., Duñabeitia, J., Grainger, J., & Denise, N. [(2019). What absent switch costs and mixing costs during bilingual language comprehension can tell us about language control? Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance.] assumed that the absence of switch costs in bilingual language comprehension may be due to little degree of parallel language activation while substantial degree of it may lead to switch costs. This study tested this assumption by examining the switch costs during Russian-English-Chinese trilinguals’ performing lexical decision tasks in language pairs of L1–L2 in Experiment 1a, L1–L3 in Experiment 1b and L2–L3 in Experiment 1c. We found switch costs in L2 in Experiment 1a and switch costs in both L1 and L3 in Experiment 1b, but no switch costs in both L2 and L3 in Experiment 1c. These results generally provided evidence for the account.