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Little research has been carried out on human performance in optimization problems, such as the Traveling Salesman problem
(TSP). Studies by Polivanova (1974, Voprosy Psikhologii, 4, 41–51) and by MacGregor and Ormerod (1996, Perception & Psychophysics, 58, 527–539) suggest that: (1) the complexity of solutions to visually presented TSPs depends on the number of points on the
convex hull; and (2) the perception of optimal structure is an innate tendency of the visual system, not subject to individual
differences. Results are reported from two experiments. In the first, measures of the total length and completion speed of
pathways, and a measure of path uncertainty were compared with optimal solutions produced by an elastic net algorithm and
by several heuristic methods. Performance was also compared under instructions to draw the shortest or the most attractive
pathway. In the second, various measures of performance were compared with scores on Raven's advanced progressive matrices
(APM). The number of points on the convex hull did not determine the relative optimality of solutions, although both this
factor and the total number of points influenced solution speed and path uncertainty. Subjects' solutions showed appreciable
individual differences, which had a strong correlation with APM scores. The relation between perceptual organization and the
process of solving visually presented TSPs is briefly discussed, as is the potential of optimization for providing a conceptual
framework for the study of intelligence.
Received: 28 December 1998 / Accepted: 20 January 2000 相似文献
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Alexei V. Nesteruk 《Theology & Science》2013,11(4):462-470
ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the question of the possibility of multiple species-specific incarnations of God in the societies of extraterrestrial beings (if they exist) on exoplanets, proposed for the debate in a recent volume on Astrlotheology. It gives a scientific, philosophical and theological assessment of some of its claims and concludes by formulating the position of the author on multiple incarnations in the context of modern cosmology and Orthodox theology. 相似文献
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Alexei Izyumov Nan-Ting Chou Paul Coomes Babu Nahata 《Journal of International Migration and Integration》2002,3(1):17-39
Ninety-five percent of the 30 million foreign-born persons living in the United States reside in a metropolitan area, and more than one half reside in just six gateway cities. We investigate whether less-educated immigrants tend to settle in large urban communities of their compatriots. Based on statistical analysis we find a negative relationship between the level of education and the size of immigrant population for the immigrants born in China, India, Philippines, Korea, El Salvador, Cuba, and Mexico. The relationship is strongest for Chinese, with a decrease of 2.7 years in average educational attainment for each tenfold increase in the size of immigrant community. Generally, this relationship is stronger for the immigrants from Asia and Latin America and nonexistent or mixed for immigrants from Europe and Canada. 相似文献
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Alexei Vernitski 《Studia Logica》2004,78(1-2):337-348
In this paper, we concentrate on finite quasivarieties (i.e. classes of finite algebras defined by quasi-identities). We present a motivation for studying finite quasivarieties. We introduce a new type of conditions that is well suited for defining finite quasivarieties and compare these new conditions with quasi-identities.Special issue of Studia Logica: Algebraic Theory of Quasivarieties Presented by
M. E. Adams, K. V. Adaricheva, W. Dziobiak, and A. V. Kravchenko 相似文献
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Content analysis of birth announcements was used as a method to investigate parental preference for the sex of newborns in Canada. The expression of positive affect (happiness and pride) in birth announcements was examined to determine whether parents express these emotions differently as a function of the sex of newborn. The findings suggest that parents express relatively more pride at the birth of boys than girls, whereas the opposite results were found for happiness. Parents seem unconsciously to categorize boys and girls into two distinct motivational systems: status and attachment, which are related to pride and happiness, respectively. This distinction may influence parents perception of their childs worth and their subsequent investment in their childs development. 相似文献
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Alexei Angelides 《Erkenntnis》2012,76(2):147-169
In sections 18 and 73 of Carnap’s Logical Syntax of Language, Carnap famously presents what he understands to be decisive objections to Wittgenstein’s Tractarian distinction between
saying and showing. However, Carnap has been criticized in recent literature for severely misinterpreting that distinction.
Against this criticism it is argued that Carnap reads that distinction as applying to two distinct classes of expressions
(Unsinn and sinnlos) that he holds to emerge from his reading of Tractatus 4.1212 and related Tractarian theses. It is then argued that Carnap’s counterexamples to Wittgenstein’s theses are successful
given his reading, and that our analysis of his counterexamples puts us in a unique position to reevaluate his conventionalism. 相似文献
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Alexei V. Nesteruk 《Theology & Science》2013,11(3):236-259
AbstractThe article develops an argument that the Christian concept of creation of the world, being an issue of the modern dialogue between theology and science, must be rethought and reformulated along the lines of recent advancements in cosmology and philosophy. It is argued that the prevailing natural attitude to the issue of the creation of the universe (whether based on Biblical hermeneutics or scientific theories) is philosophically inadequate because it does not account for the facticity of the articulating consciousness, which itself is the modality of the created. Correspondingly, the issue of creation receives a different interpretation: it is the coming into existence of personal life in the Divine image, capable of recognizing its createdness, and articulating creation as hypostatically distant from the comprehending subjectivity. Creation as inseparable from the life of subjectivity thus acquires the status of a saturated phenomenon to which neither successive quantitative, nor qualitative synthesis, nor temporal synthesis can be applied; it also escapes a rubric of relation. The created world, or the universe as a whole, gives itself to us from its own “self” to such an extent that it affects us, changes us and almost constitutes us, and stages us out of its own giving itself to us. The universe is present in the background of our existence through relationship and communion in such a way that we can express this presence ecstatically—through music, painting, poetry etc.—that presence which cannot be formalized in definitions of physics and mathematics. It is the living humanity that is the only and ultimate manifestation of God through its creation. 相似文献