Developing a Computer-Based TTCT: Promises and Problems*

The purposes of the present study were to examine the equivalence of paper-pencil and computer-based versions of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT), Figural Forms A and B, and to investigate the patterns of responses involved in the computer-based TTCT. The participants were 34 fifth- and sixth-grade students currently enrolled in two public schools in southern Texas. The computer-based TTCT was developed to present all the features of the paper-pencil TTCT with the additional benefits offered by computer-based testing. Means, variances, test-retest reliability, and attitudinal differences were analyzed to investigate equivalence between the paper-pencil and computer-based TTCT. Response patterns involved in the figural tasks were explored based on data collected from the computer-based test (e.g., latency, tool using patterns, correction activities). The findings of the study indicated that the results obtained from the computer-based TTCT were not equivalent with the paper-pencil version. However, additional information regarding response patterns obtained from the computer-based TTCT showed clear indication of different response tendencies among different groups of students and between the two alternate test forms (A and B).     

朱熹政治哲学略论

以南宋政治面貌为背景,朱熹提出了以兰代文化价值理念为核心的政治哲学,希冀建立一个既有上下之秩序,又有整体之和谐的国家。他以天理为最高准绳,要求君主和臣下顺应天理,各尽其职,上下互动。力求达到个体与整体之间的和谐有序。朱熹把这种政治理念,扩大到宇宙万物的普遍性加以说明,确立了一个理一分殊的本体论体系,在此之下朱熹从易学阴阳对待、交易往来的角度对事物间的动态平衡关系作出了理论说明。