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1.
Loving and angry? Happy and sad? Understanding and reporting of mixed emotions in mother–child relationships by 6‐ to 12‐year‐olds
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Bernd G. Heubeck Phillipa R. Butcher Kristie Thorneywork Jeff Wood 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2016,34(2):245-260
The Evaluative Space Model of emotions allows for the coactivation of positive‐appetitive and negative‐avoidant systems, but few studies have examined mixed emotions in child development. Existing research suggests children's understanding of opposite valence emotion combinations emerges by approximately 11 years of age. However, it is not yet clear whether various opposite valence combinations are understood at different ages, nor whether children can understand them in others before they have experienced such mixed emotions themselves. Semi‐structured interviews with 97 children investigated whether they regarded six combinations of opposite valence mixed emotions as possible, could provide reasons for them, and report their own experience of each in the context of mother–child relationships. Both understanding that such combinations are possible and ability to provide reasons for them increased after age 6 and up to age 11, but were still incomplete in 12‐year‐olds. Understanding of different opposite valence combinations developed at different rates. At each age, fewer children who showed understanding of these combinations in others reported having had a similar experience themselves. The findings suggest a need to systematically examine a range of mixed emotions in order to develop a comprehensive theory of the development of mixed emotion understanding. They also suggest extending research into adolescence. 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACT The effects of moderate stress on the use of defense mechanisms by 64 second- and sixth-graders were determined The use of denial, projection, and identification was assessed from stones told to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) prior to, and subsequent to, an experimentally controlled experience of success or failure Subjects who experienced failure were more likely to use the lower level defenses of denial and projection, while the experience of success was followed by greater use of identification The results also were consistent with previous studies in demonstrating age and sex differences in the use of defense mechanisms 相似文献
3.
Jerry M. Lewis J. M. Rabbie Thomas Berg Michael Argyle Karin Aronsson Roger Ingham Neil Frude A. M. Munton Duncan Cramer John Shotter Ray Holland Nobleza Asuncion-Lande Ray Crozier Candida Peterson Chris Spencer Victor J. Callan Jack Martin N. L. Reinsch Anthony Ryle David Canter Jill Robson H. R. Beech Duncan Moss David Fontana Tom Richards 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1989,8(1):49-87
4.
The Development of Defense Mechanisms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Phebe Cramer 《Journal of personality》1987,55(4):597-614
ABSTRACT It is proposed that defense mechanisms may be characterized as forming a hierarchy, from least to most complex, and that the lowest level defenses emerge early in life, while the more complex defenses emerge later in development Three defenses–Denial, Projection and Identification–were chosen to test this assumption A method for assessing the use of these defenses in Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories was developed and validated in a study of four age groups preschool, elementary school, early adolescent, and late adolescent The results of the study were consistent with the prediction Denial was used most frequently by preschool children, and decreased in use thereafter Identification was used minimally by preschool children but increased steadily through adolescence The use of Projection was most frequent in the two middle age groups Some evidence for sex differences, based on the internal/external orientation of the defense, also was found 相似文献
5.
Duncan Cramer 《Counselling psychology quarterly》1994,7(3):327-337
A LISREL or path analysis with latent variables was used to test the Rogerian-derived hypothesis that self-esteem is determined by the degree to which a person has a current close friend who is seen to be unconditionally accepting, empathic, and congruent. The revised Barrett-Lennard (1964) Relationship Inventory and Rosenberg (1965) Self-Esteem Scale were completed by 38 female and 28 male students on two occasions 15 weeks apart. The hypothesis was conjimzed for unconditionality of acceptance (which was positive) and the core conditions combined. In addition, the temporal relationships between the core conditions were analysed. Level of acceptance was reciprocally related to both empathy and congruence, while prior congruence had a negative but nonsignajicant association with unconditionality of acceptance. 相似文献
6.
Cramer P 《Journal of personality assessment》1980,44(6):604-612
The development of sexual identity was studied in 686 individuals, using a fantasy measure of sexual identity that does not depend on learned sex-role stereotypes. The results showed a marked differentiation between the sexes at pre-adolescence, a loss of differentiation during the freshman year of college that most closely resembled the lack of differentiation in sexual identity of preschool children, and a reemergence of a clear sexual identity during the last years of college. Possible biological, social context, and psychodynamic-maturational explanations for this pattern of development are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Pairs of cartoon episodes which did and did not meet the National Association of Broadcaster's Code for Violence were rated by college students and children on a series of scales to evaluate level of violence and of enjoyment. The results indicated that the Code has been ineffective in reducing levels of rated violence; however, entertainment value has decreased. 相似文献
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9.
Evaluating Genetic Counseling: Client Expectations,Psychological Adjustment and Satisfaction with Service 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Periodic evaluations of genetic counseling services are useful for determining the effectiveness of counseling in meetings its psycho-educational aims, as well as identifying where improvements to the service may be made. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic counseling services provided by Genetic Services of Western Australia (GSWA) to determine the impact of counseling on client expectations, satisfaction with the service, and psychological adjustment, defined as wellbeing and perceived personal control (PPC). A total of 122 clients participated in a self-administered survey conducted pre- and post-counseling. Client expectations of the service as a means of providing information were met, and opportunities for counselors to meet client’s expectations of psychological support were identified. Furthermore, counseling was found to maintain and enhance psychological wellbeing of clients. The role of counseling in facilitating the development of PPC was a key contributor to a high sense of satisfaction in clients. 相似文献
10.
Cramer P 《Journal of personality》2003,71(2):221-244
The relation between the use of defense mechanisms and autonomic nervous system reactivity, under conditions of laboratory stress, was studied in 78 men and women. Both diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and skin conductance level (SCL) were monitored during exposure to ten stress tasks; concurrently, the use of three defense mechanisms was assessed by coding Thematic Apperception Test stories. Autonomic reactivity was found to be related to defenses; the nature of that relation differed across the defenses. DBP, typically found to be associated with cognitive work, was higher in those individuals who used more Identification, a defense that requires greater cognitive activity. The use of Projection, on the other hand, was associated with lower DBP. In addition, the use of Identification showed a tendency to be associated with lower SCL. 相似文献