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The study investigated the differential ability of similarity theory and social exchange theory to predict the effects of self-disclosure in a counseling versus a friendship encounter The participants were 80 undergraduates. A 2 (counseling or friendship) × 2 (positive or negative disclosure) × 2 (relevant or irrelevant disclosure) design was used in which participants rated the videotaped self-disclosure of an individual in an initial dyadic encounter. Unequivocal support was not obtained for either of the theories, but relationship context (counselor vs. peer) influenced the effects of disclosure as measured on counselor-peer and relationship characteristics. A unique feature of the study was the use of the Client Reactions System (CRS) to measure participants' immediate reactions to self-disclosure. The CRS demonstrated both relationship context and valence of disclosure (positive or negative) effects.  相似文献   
3.
The inclusion of a spiritual dimension in family therapy theory and clinical practice may well be viewed as an important professional challenge of the nineties. Following a working definition of terms, this paper explores the ethical complexities inherent in operationalizing a spiritual orientation in therapy in light of the following principles adopted from medical ethics: Respect for clients' autonomy, safeguarding clients' welfare, protecting them from harm, and treating them justly and honestly.  相似文献   
4.
Behavioral, physiological (i.e., endocrine), and anatomical consequences of crowding in mice were studied in a situation where animals were in auditory, visual, olfactory, and tactile contact but restrained from full physical interactions, to prevent overt aggression. Males that cohabited with females undisturbed by neighboring conspecifics showed greater propensity to attack same-sex intruders and had higher plasma testosterone levels than did their “crowded” counterparts, that is, males cohabiting with females and housed adjacent to other male/female pairs. In this respect, the latter animals resembled submissive males. However, a significant increase in weight of androgen-dependent target organs (i.e., seminal vesicles and preputial glands) was found in crowded males. These data indicate that despite the observed inhibition of social aggression these males are not physiologically comparable (homologous) to male mice that experienced defeat and the stress of submission during fighting. The intriguing possibility that different conversion pathway of testosterone are accelerated, as a result of social communication, in males living in these two environments and the behavioral implications of these possibilities are discussed. Finally, the parental behavior of crowded animals, although not freely interacting with each other, was disrupted, causing a marked decrease in reproductive success. In this situation a high incidence of infanticide of their offspring by both parents was observed, whereas this behavior was virtually absent in non-crowded male/female pairs.  相似文献   
5.
Two nonalbino inbred (C57 BL/6 and C3H/He) and one albino strain (Swiss) of mice were compared for female aggression toward intruders: 1 in period of lactation, 2 in nonlactating state and (3) in nonlactating state but previously rubbed with urine of lactating females; and for male aggression toward familiar or unfamiliar opponents. The results showed that resident females of the C57 and Swiss strain vigorously attack lactating intruders introduced into their cages. This effect was mediated by urinary cues emitted by the latter mice. It was also shown that Swiss residents displayed aggression towards nonlactating females, irrespective of their strain. Groups of C57 residents reacted most aggressively towards Swiss females, less aggressively towards C3H intruders, but did not show any aggression towards their own nonlactating conspecifics. In contrast, none of the C3H resident female groups displayed aggression towards intruding females of any category or strain. The results also showed that the males of the three strains displayed little (Swiss and C3H) or no aggression (C57) towards familiar opponents, whereas they directed increased aggressive responses towards unfamiliar ones. Comparisons among the three strains of mice revealed that Swiss males were the most aggressive in either situation. On the other hand, the finding that C3H males showed aggressive responses suggested that male and female aggression are, in this strain, under separate genetic or hormonal control.  相似文献   
6.
This paper discusses several factors affecting the development of children prenatally exposed to drugs. In the "first generation" of research in this field a main factor model of disease formed the basis for a belief in the feasibility of detecting the direct pharmacological or teratogenic effects of drug exposure on long-term child development. However, the clustering of confounding variables has constituted a major problem in identifying these effects. In the last few years a "second generation" of research in this field has emerged, and investigators have moved beyond simple main-effect models. The importance of controlling for confounding variables has been underscored. However, prenatal substance exposure is still often studied within a teratology model where the main goal is the search for unique effects of a specific drug or substance. Based on this review it is suggested that an appropriate model for understanding the development of drug-exposed children cannot be based on a main-effect perspective. Rather, such a model must evolve from a contextual perspective, and it is suggested that a transactional model, where both potential risk factors and protective factors are considered, should replace the traditional teratology model in this field.  相似文献   
7.
It is estimated that only a small proportion of patients with surgically remediable intractable epilepsy receive surgical treatment. There are multiple reasons why this is the case. Patients with intractable epilepsy are sometimes severely disabled and disability can create barriers to getting recommended care. Patients with epilepsy are not well informed about their condition and the available treatments. The incidence of epilepsy is similar in minority populations, and surgically remediable epilepsy frequently presents in adolescence. Nevertheless, these vulnerable populations have specific barriers to receiving epilepsy care, which are often not addressed. In addition, despite scientific evidence for the benefits of the surgical treatment of epilepsy, many healthcare providers do not recommend or adequately discuss surgery with patients. Solutions to these barriers will require interventions that result in informed and capable patients who actively participate in their care and healthcare providers who practice culturally sensitive, recommended care.  相似文献   
8.
Dyregrov, K. (2004). Strategies of professional assistance after traumatic deaths: Empowerment or disempowerment? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45, 181–189. Referring to research and theory in the field, this discussion paper addresses the more overarching question of current strategies for professional assistance to populations bereaved by traumatic death. The issues and controversies that have long surrounded the “medicalization” of mental health arise anew with respect to the medicalization and professionalization of psychosocial help for people who have been traumatically bereaved. Who should provide what help and how? To what extent should the bereaved be expected to help themselves, receive help and support from friends and family, or even the wider community; and to what extent should the bereaved be able to access appropriate professional help when they are in crisis? Recent studies have indicated that bereaved parents want to receive help from mainstream crisis psychology, and this is not always available. Families experiencing traumatic bereavement are not able to access appropriate services along the same lines as those suffering similar levels of somatic complaints. It is argued that the main factors contributing to this situation are the lack of knowledge and inadequate organization of services; the fact that somatic issues take priority over psychosocial difficulties and dysfunction, and curative services over prophylactic intervention; and particularly the de‐medicalization ideology. By not listening to the needs of user groups, the de‐medicalization movement disempowers rather than empowers users – the very opposite of the desired effect.  相似文献   
9.
We examined the moderating influence of dispositional behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS) sensitivities on the relationship of startling background music with emotion-related subjective and physiological responses elicited during reading news reports, and with memory performance among 26 adult men and women. Physiological parameters measured were respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), electrodermal activity (EDA), and facial electromyography (EMG). The results showed that, among high BAS individuals, news stories with startling background music were rated as more interesting and elicited higher zygomatic EMG activity and RSA than news stories with non-startling music. Among low BAS individuals, news stories with startling background music were rated as less pleasant and more arousing and prompted higher EDA. No BIS-related effects or effects on memory were found. Startling background music may have adverse (e.g., negative arousal) or beneficial effects (e.g., a positive emotional state and stronger positive engagement) depending on dispositional BAS sensitivity of an individual. Actual or potential applications of this research include the personalization of media presentations when using modern media and communications technologies.  相似文献   
10.
Studies have shown a strong negative correlation between counterproductive work behaviour (CWB) and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), and opposite correlations with hypothesized antecedents. Such observed correlations may have been erroneously caused by three measurement artefacts: items measuring absence of CWBs, rather than behaviours that exceed requirements or expectations in OCB scales; supervisory halo; and agreement rather than frequency response format. A new OCB scale, the OCB‐checklist (OCB‐C) was used that did not have these artefacts. Contrary to prior expectations from the literature, positive relations were found between CWB and OCB, and stressors and OCB. Theoretical explanations for positive CWB/OCB relations (demand‐elicited OCB, social loafing, work process problems, rater perceptions and attributions, and aggravated job stress processes) are discussed.  相似文献   
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