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Aim of the paper is to present a new logic of technical malfunction. The need for this logic is motivated by a simple-sounding philosophical question: Is a malfunctioning corkscrew, which fails to uncork bottles, nonetheless a corkscrew? Or in general terms, is a malfunctioning F, which fails to do what Fs do, nonetheless an F? We argue that ‘malfunctioning’ denotes the modifier Malfunctioning rather than a property, and that the answer depends on whether Malfunctioning is subsective or privative. If subsective, a malfunctioning F is an F; if privative, a malfunctioning F is not an F. An intensional logic is required to raise and answer the question, because modifiers operate directly on properties and not on sets or individuals. This new logic provides the formal tools to reason about technical malfunction by means of a logical analysis of the sentence “a is a malfunctioning F”. 相似文献
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Bjørn Jespersen 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2008,37(5):479-499
In his 2000 book Logical Properties Colin McGinn argues that predicates denote properties rather than sets or individuals. I support the thesis, but show that
it is vulnerable to a type-incongruity objection, if properties are (modelled as) functions, unless a device for extensionalizing
properties is added. Alternatively, properties may be construed as primitive intensional entities, as in George Bealer. However,
I object to Bealer’s construal of predication as a primitive operation inputting two primitive entities and outputting a third
primitive entity. Instead I recommend we follow Pavel Tichy in construing both predication and extensionalization as instances
of the primitive operation of functional application. 相似文献
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In Phenomenology of Perception,both intellectualism and empiricism were blamed for not grasping consciousness in the act of learning.This was,Merleau-Ponty thought,due to an objective volatilizing of the subjective role of the lived body in perception.In order to overcome the difficulties in the tradition of learning and the philosophy of consciousness,Merleau-Ponty's next important step was to take maximal grip as a central case of learning.To him,learning as being-in-the-world,basically has to be sketched out in embodied and socially contextualized situations.Drawing upon this asymmetrical identity from Merleau-Ponty,our argument in this paper is that leaming is best understood as a phenomenon that involves the leamer's engagement with the world and her intention to make sense of its structures.A new perspective is thus employed to present learning as an embodied and socially embedded phenomenon,which is always projected by habitual experience and involves transcendence.These characteristics of learning are brought together in an integral and comprehensive way and have relevance to studies of learning in institutions and in daily experience. 相似文献
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Roger D. Herring Shirley Jespersen 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》1994,22(1):17-27
Evidence of multiculturalism in New Zealand has become common throughout the educational system in the last two decades. In spite of these efforts, Maori leaders contend that the schools have failed to meet the needs of Maori students, citing continuing high dropout rates and low academic achievement of Maori youth to support their claims. Many Maoris are demanding a separate educational system for their youth. An embedded component of any improved education delivery system for the Maori involves the development of adequate and appropriate guidance and counseling services for Maori youth. A culture-specific model seems to be a most appropriate one. 相似文献
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Synthese - This paper addresses the mereological problem of the unity of structured propositions. The problem is how to make multiple parts interact such that they form a whole that is ultimately... 相似文献
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Synthese - We present here the papers selected for the volume on the Unity of Propositions problems. After summarizing what the problems are, we locate them in a spectrum from those aiming to... 相似文献
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