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Orsolya Kanizsár Paolo Mongillo Luca Battaglini Gianluca Campana Miina Lõoke Lieta Marinelli 《Animal cognition》2018,21(5):651-660
Knowledge about the mechanisms underlying canine vision is far from being exhaustive, especially that concerning post-retinal elaboration. One aspect that has received little attention is motion perception, and in spite of the common belief that dogs are extremely apt at detecting moving stimuli, there is no scientific support for such an assumption. In fact, we recently showed that dogs have higher thresholds than humans for coherent motion detection (Kanizsar et al. in Sci Rep UK 7:11259, 2017). This term refers to the ability of the visual system to perceive several units moving in the same direction, as one coherently moving global unit. Coherent motion perception is commonly investigated using random dot displays, containing variable proportions of coherently moving dots. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of local and global integration mechanisms for coherent motion perception, and changes in detection thresholds as a result of repeated exposure to the experimental stimuli. Dogs who had been involved in the previous study were given a conditioned discrimination task, in which we systematically manipulated dot density and duration and, eventually, re-assessed our subjects’ threshold after extensive exposure to the stimuli. Decreasing dot duration impacted on dogs’ accuracy in detecting coherent motion only at very low duration values, revealing the efficacy of local integration mechanisms. Density impacted on dogs’ accuracy in a linear fashion, indicating less efficient global integration. There was limited evidence of improvement in the re-assessment but, with an average threshold at re-assessment of 29%, dogs’ ability to detect coherent motion remains much poorer than that of humans. 相似文献
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A meta‐analysis of the differential relations of traditional and cyber‐victimization with internalizing problems 下载免费PDF全文
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Ponzo illusion has been explained by considering either just the inducing elements present in a restricted area of the visual
field, the same area in which the test elements are located, or the stimulus configuration as a whole in which even the most
distal figural elements – i.e., the external converging lines, here called “Ponzo wedge”– play a crucial role.
The two studies reported here aimed at showing that both global configurational characteristics and inducing elements locally
interacting with the test stimuli can independently affect the illusory effect. This hypothesis was tested using stimuli in
which graphic-inducing elements giving rise to a herringbone pattern (Coren & Girgus, 1978) were drawn in the same area of
the test segments.
Results of Exp. 1 confirmed the effect of the two factors. In particular, both factors proved to determine the illusion, since
they induced illusory effects either in isolation or in the same/opposite direction. In Exp. 2 the relative weight of these
two factors was evaluated in relation to the width of the angle of the inducing elements and to the distance of the test segments
from the vertex. Results showed no linear relationships between the distance of the test segments from the external inducing
elements and the weight of the Ponzo wedge factor.
Received: 25 June 1996 / Accepted: 1 October 1997 相似文献
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Associations between mother–child interaction and children's later self and mother feature knowledge
Judith Harel David Oppenheim Emanuel Tirosh Motti Gini 《Infant mental health journal》1999,20(2):123-137
Associations between mother–child interaction at 12 months and children's feature knowledge of self and mother at 20 months were investigated in 81 dyads. Mother–Child interaction was assessed by scales adapted from the Parent Child Early Relational Assessment (1985). Self‐ and mother knowledge were assessed by Self‐ and Mother Feature Knowledge Scales. Associations were found between mother–child interaction and later self‐ and mother feature knowledge. Maternal behavior characterized by positive affect and sensitive responsiveness and child behavior characterized by positive affect, responsiveness, and balanced attention between mother and environment were related to a more complex knowledge of self and mother. On sensorimotor items children knew more about self than about mother while on representational items children knew more about mother than about self. The findings support the view that more harmonious interactions are related to more complex self‐ and mother feature knowledge. 相似文献
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This research examined the question of whether the psychology of social identity can motivate cooperation in the context of a global collective. Our data came from a multinational study of choice behavior in a multilevel public-goods dilemma conducted among samples drawn from the general populations of the United States, Italy, Russia, Argentina, South Africa, and Iran. Results demonstrate that an inclusive social identification with the world community is a meaningful psychological construct that plays a role in motivating cooperation that transcends parochial interests. Self-reported identification with the world as a whole predicts behavioral contributions to a global public good beyond what is predicted from expectations about what other people are likely to contribute. Furthermore, global social identification is conceptually distinct from general attitudes about global issues, and has unique effects on cooperative behavior. 相似文献
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Maria Rosaria A. Muscatello Antonio Bruno Gianluca Pandolfo Umberto Micò Simona Stilo Mariagrazia Scaffidi Pierluigi Consolo Andrea Tortora Socrate Pallio Giuseppa Giacobbe Luigi Familiari Rocco Zoccali 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2010,17(1):64-70
The present study aimed to elucidate the differences in depression, anxiety, anger, and quality of life in a sample of non-psychiatric IBS patients, starting from the hypothesis that IBS subtypes may have different symptomatic expressions of negative emotions with different outcomes on quality of life measures. Forty-two constipation-predominant IBS (C-IBS) subjects and 44 diarrhea-predominant IBS (D-IBS) subjects, after an examination by a gastroenterologist and a total colonoscopy, underwent a clinical interview and psychometric examination for the assessment of depression, anxiety, anger and quality of life. IBS subtypes showed different symptomatic profiles in depression, anxiety and anger, with C-IBS patients more psychologically distressed than D-IBS subjects. Affective and emotional symptoms should be considered as specific and integral to the syndrome, and recognizing the differences between IBS subtypes may have relevant implications for treatment options and clinical outcome. 相似文献
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Gianluca Gini Tiziana Pozzoli Francesco Borghi Lara Franzoni 《Journal of School Psychology》2008,46(6):617-638
Two studies employing a mixed experimental design were conducted to determine if perceptions of bullying, attitudes towards victims, and students' sense of safety at school were influenced by bystanders' reactions to different types of bullying. In Study 1, 217 middle-school children were randomly assigned to read a hypothetical scenario describing a direct bullying episode. In Study 2, 376 primary-school children and 390 middle-school children were presented with scenarios describing a direct bullying episode and an indirect bullying episode. In all scenarios, the bystanders' reactions to the bullying and the gender of the victim were manipulated. Participants endorsed the prosocial behavior in favor of the victims and did not endorse pro-bullying behavior. Furthermore, they perceived passive reactions to the bullying as negative behavior. Participants showed positive attitudes towards victims, which were significantly higher at younger grade levels and among girls. Bystanders' behavior influenced both participants' perceptions of the victims and their perceived sense of safety at school. Implications for anti-bullying programs based upon the group ecology are discussed. 相似文献
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