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Seventeen African dwarf goats (adult females) were trained on oddity tasks using an automated learning device. One odd stimulus and three identical nonodd stimuli were presented on a screen divided into four sectors; the sector for the odd stimulus was varied pseudorandomly. Responses to the odd stimulus were deemed to be correct and were reinforced with food. In phase 1, the goats were trained on eight stimulus configurations. From trial to trial the odd discriminandum was either a + symbol or the letter S, and the nonodd discriminandum was the symbol not used as the odd one. In phase 2, the animals were similarly trained using an unfilled triangle or a filled (i.e., solid black) circle. In phase 3, three new discriminanda were used, an unfilled, small circle with radiating lines, an unfilled heart-shaped symbol, and an unfilled oval; which of the three discriminanda was odd and nonodd was varied from trial to trial. Following these training phases, a transfer test was given, which involved 24 new discriminanda sets. These were presented twice for a total of 48 transfer test trials. Results early in training showed approximately 25% correct, which might be expected by chance in a four-choice task. After 500-2,000 trials, results improved to approximately 40-44% correct. The best-performing subject reached 60-80% correct during training. On the transfer test, this subject had 47.9% correct and that significantly exceeded 25% expected by chance. This finding suggests that some exceptional individuals of African dwarf goats are capable of learning the oddity concept. 相似文献
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When a target appears in the same peripheral location as a previous cue, responding is typically delayed if the cue-target interval is relatively long. This phenomenon is termed inhibition of return (IOR) and has been suggested to reflect an attentional bias in favour of novel visual space. It has been demonstrated recently that IOR is much stronger in the far periphery than in the perifoveal visual field. The present study further investigated the neural mechanisms underlying this eccentricity effect of IOR with an event-related fMRI technique. The results demonstrated a stronger activation in visual cortex for perifoveal processing and a broader activation in multiple brain areas for peripheral processing. When IOR effects were compared between these two areas, a stronger activation of the fronto-parietal network was evidenced for perifoveal versus peripheral IOR, while the prefrontal cortex was more strongly involved in the peripheral IOR versus perifoveal IOR. These results suggest that different neural mechanisms are mediating the dissociable inhibitory functions between the perifoveal and peripheral visual field. 相似文献
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Różycka-Tran Joanna Piotrowski Jarosław P. Żemojtel-Piotrowska Magdalena Jurek Paweł Osin Evgeny N. Adams Byron G. Ardi Rahkman Bălțătescu Sergiu Bhomi Arbinda Lal Bogomaz Sergey A. Cieciuch Jan Clinton Amanda de Clunie Gisela T. Czarna Anna Z. Esteves Carla Sofia Gouveia Valdiney Halik Murnizam H. J. Kachatryan Narine Kamble Shanmukh Vasant Kawula Anna Klicperova-Baker Martina Kospakov Aituar Letovancova Eva Lun Vivian Miu-Chi Cerrato Sara Malo Muehlbacher Stephan Nikolic Marija Pankratova Alina A. Park Joonha Paspalanova Elena Pék Győző de León Pablo Pérez Šolcová Iva Poláčková Shahbaz Wahab Ha Truong Thi Khanh Tiliouine Habib Van Hiel Alain Vauclair Christin-Melanie Wills-Herrera Eduardo Włodarczyk Anna Yahiiaiev Illia I. Maltby John 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2021,40(7):3575-3584
Current Psychology - This article presents a short research report on the relationship between perceived antagonism in social relations measured using the Belief in a Zero-Sum Game (BZSG) scale,... 相似文献
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Evgeny Zolin 《Studia Logica》2014,102(5):1021-1039
We give a new proof of the following result (originally due to Linial and Post): it is undecidable whether a given calculus, that is a finite set of propositional formulas together with the rules of modus ponens and substitution, axiomatizes the classical logic. Moreover, we prove the same for every superintuitionistic calculus. As a corollary, it is undecidable whether a given calculus is consistent, whether it is superintuitionistic, whether two given calculi have the same theorems, whether a given formula is derivable in a given calculus. The proof is by reduction from the undecidable halting problem for the so-called tag systems introduced by Post. We also give a historical survey of related results. 相似文献
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Ceci n'est pas la mort: Evidence for the recruitment of self‐reference from surrealistic art under mortality salience 下载免费PDF全文
Sarita Silveira Evgeny Gutyrchik Geoffrey Wetherell Yan Bao Ernst Pöppel Janusch Blautzik Maximilian Reiser Dieter Frey Verena Graupmann 《European journal of social psychology》2015,45(2):255-266
Previous research has demonstrated that death reminders influence how we perceive art. In the context of terror management theory, this has been explained by the death‐transcending quality of art to convey cultural meaning. In two studies, we examined psychological and neurocognitive responses to naturalistic and surrealistic art when death was primed. We found that naturalistic paintings were evaluated similarly in terms of personal reassurance in both mortality salience and control condition, whereas surrealistic paintings were evaluated as more reassuring in the mortality salience condition than in the control condition. Using high‐field functional magnetic resonance imaging in a second study, we found a similar pattern of results, showing specific activation in the precuneus, a brain area associated with self‐related operations, in all prime conditions for the viewing of naturalistic paintings, but only in the death and disgust prime conditions when viewing surrealistic paintings. Our results suggest motivated self‐reference when viewing both naturalistic and surrealistic artworks under mortality salience. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Magdalena Żemojtel-Piotrowska Jarosław P. Piotrowski Jan Cieciuch Byron G. Adams Evgeny N. Osin Rahkman Ardi Sergiu Bălţătescu Arbinda Lal Bhomi Amanda Clinton Gisela T. de Clunie Carla Esteves Valdiney Gouveia Ashraf Hosseini Hooria Seyedhosseini Ghaheh Narine Khachatryan Shanmukh Vasant Kamble Anna Kawula Kadi Liik Eva Letovancova Sara Malo Cerrato Carles Alsinet Mora Sofya Nartova-Bochaver Marija Nikolic Joonha Park Elena Paspalanova Győző Pék Joanna Różycka-Tran Ha Truong Thi Khanh Takashi Tsubakita Christin-Melanie Vauclair Anna Włodarczyk John Maltby 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2017,18(6):1697-1711
This report examines the measurement invariance of the Personal Well-being Index with 8 items (PWI-8). University students (N = 5731) from 26 countries completed the measure either through paper and pencil or electronic mode. We examined uni-dimensional structure of PWI and performed a Multi-group CFA to assess the measurement invariance across the 26 countries, using conventional approach and the alignment procedure. The findings provide evidence of configural and partial metric invariance, as well as partial scalar invariance across samples. The findings suggest that PWI-8 can be used to examine correlates of life satisfaction across all included countries, however it is impossible to compare raw scores across countries. 相似文献
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Mark Torrance Guido Nottbusch Rui A. Alves Barbara Arfé Lucile Chanquoy Evgeny Chukharev-Hudilainen Ioannis Dimakos Raquel Fidalgo Jukka Hyönä Ómar I. Jóhannesson George Madjarov Dennis N. Pauly Per Henning Uppstad Luuk van Waes Michael Vernon Åsa Wengelin 《Behavior research methods》2018,50(2):744-758
We describe the Multilanguage Written Picture Naming Dataset. This gives trial-level data and time and agreement norms for written naming of the 260 pictures of everyday objects that compose the colorized Snodgrass and Vanderwart picture set (Rossion & Pourtois in Perception, 33, 217–236, 2004). Adult participants gave keyboarded responses in their first language under controlled experimental conditions (N = 1,274, with subsamples responding in Bulgarian, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Icelandic, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish). We measured the time to initiate a response (RT) and interkeypress intervals, and calculated measures of name and spelling agreement. There was a tendency across all languages for quicker RTs to pictures with higher familiarity, image agreement, and name frequency, and with higher name agreement. Effects of spelling agreement and effects on output rates after writing onset were present in some, but not all, languages. Written naming therefore shows name retrieval effects that are similar to those found in speech, but our findings suggest the need for cross-language comparisons as we seek to understand the orthographic retrieval and/or assembly processes that are specific to written output. 相似文献
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Lee Friedman Ioannis Rigas Evgeny Abdulin Oleg V. Komogortsev 《Behavior research methods》2018,50(4):1374-1397
Nystr?m and Holmqvist have published a method for the classification of eye movements during reading (ONH) (Nyström & Holmqvist, 2010). When we applied this algorithm to our data, the results were not satisfactory, so we modified the algorithm (now the MNH) to better classify our data. The changes included: (1) reducing the amount of signal filtering, (2) excluding a new type of noise, (3) removing several adaptive thresholds and replacing them with fixed thresholds, (4) changing the way that the start and end of each saccade was determined, (5) employing a new algorithm for detecting PSOs, and (6) allowing a fixation period to either begin or end with noise. A new method for the evaluation of classification algorithms is presented. It was designed to provide comprehensive feedback to an algorithm developer, in a time-efficient manner, about the types and numbers of classification errors that an algorithm produces. This evaluation was conducted by three expert raters independently, across 20 randomly chosen recordings, each classified by both algorithms. The MNH made many fewer errors in determining when saccades start and end, and it also detected some fixations and saccades that the ONH did not. The MNH fails to detect very small saccades. We also evaluated two additional algorithms: the EyeLink Parser and a more current, machine-learning-based algorithm. The EyeLink Parser tended to find more saccades that ended too early than did the other methods, and we found numerous problems with the output of the machine-learning-based algorithm. 相似文献
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