跨文化发展心理学的研究方法和新趋势

本文论述了跨文化发展心理学研究所依据的方法学原则以及当前的研究动向和发展趋势。     

Career development and counselling needs of LGBTQ high school students

There is a dearth of research concerning the career development and counselling issues that are relevant for high school students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ). As such, little is known to understand LGBTQ students when it comes to their career-related struggles and needs. This article attempts to examine the career development needs of LGBTQ high school students, addressing and analysing career problems from the unique circumstances of this student population. To do so, it provides an overview of the various career-related issues afflicting LGBTQ high school students. It then proposes a series of career guidance and counselling intervention considerations that are tailored to address the specific career needs and challenges of the LGBTQ high school students.     

Using Force: Australian Newspaper Depictions of Contacts Between the Police and Persons Experiencing Mental Illness

The media creates and sustains knowledge about socially relevant issues such as crime, mental illness, and policing. Past research suggests that while the media portrayal of the police is undoubtedly complex, their portrayal of people experiencing mental illness remains mainly negative. The depiction of their encounters in the mass media is of considerable interest because of the influential role the media has on public opinion and debate; however, there is a lack of current research in this area. This study aimed to examine media items in the major newspapers across Australia between January 2006 and December 2007 (n = 77) to investigate their portrayal of this interface. The dominant themes encountered in the initial analysis depicted people experiencing mental illness as dangerous and a threat to the public, where the mental health system has failed to manage them adequately. Further analyses found that people experiencing mental illness were stigmatised in a third of the media items reviewed and were represented significantly more negatively in these encounters than the police. Implications of these findings and some suggestions regarding possible strategies that could improve socially responsible media reporting and public discourse on mental illness are proposed.     

Coping with traumatic stress in journalism: a critical ethnographic study

Journalists who witness trauma and disaster events are at risk for physical, emotional, and psychological injury. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a critical ethnographic study among 31 Canadian journalists and photojournalists with regard to coping strategies used to buffer the effects of being exposed to trauma and disaster events and work-related stress. The findings are the result of in-depth individual interviews and six workplace observations with journalists across Canada. The most commonly reported coping strategies were: avoidance strategies at work, use of black humor, controlling one's emotions and memories, exercise and other physical activities, focusing on the technical aspects, and using substances. Recommendations for addressing the effects of work-related stress within this population are provided.     

PARENTS,FRIENDS, SIBLINGS,AND ADULTS: UNFOLDING REFERENT OTHER IMPORTANCE DATA FOR ADOLESCENTS*

Few studies have yet examined the importance of referent others. One reason for avoiding this topic may be ignorance of appropriate methods for analyzing data. This paper reports two comparative studies of referent others for adolescents. (One study compared four Western countries, the other a Western country with the major ethnic groups in Malaysia.) Data were analyzed by means of the unfolding method. Adolescents were found to rank parents first in importance, followed by friends, adults, and then siblings. Parents were perceived as less similar to friends than they were to siblings or adults. Rankings of referent others varied more by question content than by nationality. Techniques and advantages of the unfolding method are spelled out.     

对智力概念理解的跨文化比较研究

本研究采用问卷法调查了中澳两国的成人和儿童对智力概念内容构成的看法,结果表明,尽管文化社会背景不同,但人们对智力概念的理解仍有很多共同之处,特别是对作为一般能力的智力品质及与智力有关的个性特征的评价很接近,这一结果有利于支持智力概念普遍性观点;成年人与儿童的观点比成年人之间的观点显示出较大的差异,这似乎表明对智力概念的理解也存在一个逐渐成熟发展的过程;各类被试对有关个性品质评价的高度一致性表明了有关“非智力因素”对发展智力的重要作用。     

中澳两国儿童社会观点采择能力的跨文化对比研究

本研究以中国寓言图画故事为刺激材料,通过个别询问,探查了中澳4至7、8岁儿童的社会观点采择能力及对个性特征的认知发展。结果表明,尽管两国被试来自不同的文化和社会背景,但显示出大致相同的发展顺序和认知特点,在发展水平上,中国儿童高于澳大利亚儿童,这可能跟刺激材料的内容和性质有关。     

A theoretical distribution for mental test scores

The negative hypergeometric distribution of raw scores on mental tests is derived from certain assumptions relating to test theory. This result is checked empirically in a number of examples. Further derivations lead to the bivariate distribution of parallel tests which is also verified with actual data. The bivariate distribution of raw score and true score is also derived from a further assumption. This distribution is used to set confidence limits for true scores for persons with a given raw score.This work was supported in part by contract Nonr-2752(00) between the Office of Naval Research and Educational Testing Service. Reproduction in whole or in part for any purpose of the United States Government is permitted.     

Multidimensional unfolding: Some geometrical solutions

A method is proposed whereby the distribution of stimuli and subjects can be derived directly from the subjects' rankings of the stimuli. The solution for four stimuli is presented with examples and suggestions for the solution of problems involving more stimuli. The model is intuitively attractive and is likely to prove useful when direct solutions for larger number of stimuli are available.