不同年龄儿童对权威认知水平的研究

文章采用两难故事法对儿童(7～17岁)在与权威(父母、教师与社会上的成人)发生矛盾冲突时所处的认知水平进行了研究,结果发现儿童对有关权威的规则与命令并不是一种盲目的服从与不服从,而是依据自己对权威的一种认知而行动的,儿童对权威的认知处于一种发展过程中,不同年龄儿童对权威的认知水平不同且存在显著的年龄差异和对象差异。     

儿童青少年返回抑制发展的实验研究

采用返回抑制线索——靶子模式,比较了单线索和双线索条件下儿童返回抑制的发展变化。选取了4组被试,6岁、9岁、12岁和17岁各20名。结果显示:(1)儿童返回抑制在单线索条件下出现的晚,而在双线索条件下出现的早;(2)返回抑制出现的时间进程随年龄的增长而逐渐显现,年龄对返回抑制有重要影响;(3)儿童返回抑制发展的关键期可能是在12岁左右。     

VALIDITY AND FAIRNESS OF SOME ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYEE SELECTION PROCEDURES1

Despite extensive evidence that tests are valid for employee selection, Federal Guidelines have urged employers to seek alternative selection procedures that are equally valid but have less adverse impact on minorities. Research on the validity, adverse impact and fairness of eight categories of alternatives was reviewed. Feasibility of operational use of each type of alternative in an employment setting was also discussed. Only biodata and peer evaluation were supported as having validities substantially equal to those for standardized tests. Previous reviews and more recent research indicated that interviews, self-assessments, reference checks, academic achievement, expert judgment and projective techniques had levels of validity generally below those reported for tests. Data, where available, offered no clear indication that any of the alternatives met the criterion of having equal validity with less adverse impact. Results are discussed and several additional promising alternatives are described.     

论作为美德的勇敢——先秦儒家与亚里士多德之比较

勇敢是中国先秦儒家和古希腊亚里士多德德性细表中共有的一个重要美德。两家都赋予其中庸/中道的限制,并明确指出其地位重要但绝非首要,此相同之处反映了人类早期不同文明所具有的共性;两家赋予勇敢美德不同的运行机制、概念外延和发展曲线,反映了中西两大文明的各自特色和不同走向。     

初中生友谊的发展特点

以638名初中生为被试,采用自编的友谊问卷,考察其友谊发展特点。结果发现:(1)友谊认知上,初一学生在关心与帮助和信任与尊重维度的得分高于初二学生,女生在关心与帮助、重情轻利和信任与尊重维度的得分高于男生;(2)友谊行为上,女生表现出更多的积极交往行为,而男生在竞争嫉妒维度的得分显著高于女生;(3)友谊情感存在性别差异,女生对友谊关系更为满意,男生体验到更高水平的社交焦虑;(4)不同友谊认知类型的初中生表现出不同的友谊行为,且具有不同的情感体验。     

包容多样性的理论建构

Ye和Stam (2012)的评论中将Hong, Chao, Yang和Rosner (2010)标签成逻辑经验主义派, 他们认为这个派别常常“限制”了理论的应用和其本身的价值。为了向读者们提供一个对理论建立过程的更完整的理解, 同时也为了从这些迥异的观点中汲取更多知识, 在这篇文章中, 我们比较 Hong等人(2010)与Ye和Stam (2012)所建议的两种不同方法论之间的差异, 并将其放入更广阔的历史背景下进行论述。我们的主张是：每一种方法论都是有它自己的适用范围和局限性。对研究者来说, 保持在对待不同论点上开明和宽容的态度, 并避免本质化不同方法论间的差异也是十分重要的。     

FORMAL AND INFORMAL MENTORSHIPS: A COMPARISON ON MENTORING FUNCTIONS AND CONTRAST WITH NONMENTORED COUNTERPARTS

Research on mentorships has suffered from fragmentation of key issues; specifically, type of mentoring relationship, functions served by the mentor, and outcomes of the mentoring relationship. A field study was conducted comparing 212 protégés who were involved in informally developed mentorships, 53 protégés involved in formal mentor-ship programs, and 284 individuals who did not have mentors. Individuals in informal and formal mentorships were compared along two mentoring dimensions: psychosocial and career-related functions. All groups were compared on three outcome measures: organizational socialization, job satisfaction, and salary. Results indicated protégés in informal mentorships reported more career-related support from their mentors and higher salaries than protégés in formal mentorships. For all outcome variables, protégés in informal mentorships also reported more favorable outcomes than nonmentored individuals. However, outcomes from protégés in formal mentorships were generally not significant from the other two groups. Implications for mentorship practices and research are discussed.     

初中学生的識记方法 Ⅱ.对文言短文的識记方法

問題 在我們前一个研究中曾表明:多数初一学生在識記四字短句吋,都能运用一定的識記方法,运用有效識記方法的学生比没有运用任何方法或只逐句識記的記忆效果为佳。四字短句和中学的普通語文教材还有一定距离。学生在語文課中識記課文应用什么方法,是現在要研究的問題。 我們对初一学生識記課文时所用的方法作了初步調查,还由随堂听課、观察記录、个別談話、座談会等方式,了解教师在教学中所用的輔导学生識記課文的方法及其对学生識     

现代针灸学研究应当警惕被文化绑架

针灸学的文化属性由其漫长的历史积淀特质所决定,针灸学的科学属性由其在现实中治疗疾病的有效性及其机制的探索过程所决定.针灸学的文化属性与科学属性犹如硬币的正反两面永远无法分离,但无法实现同一个角度的双面认识.不能以其文化属性而排斥科学属性,不能利用文化角度的认识方法和认识结果取代科学角度的探索方法和探索结果,反之亦然.文化的针灸可以努力固守,以保个性的纯洁与永恒;但科学的针灸需要不断发展,以超越个性文化而走向科学大同.现代针灸学研究应当警惕被文化绑架.