Confirmation of Scientific Hypotheses as Relations

Summary  In spite of several attempts to explicate the relationship between a scientific hypothesis and evidence, the issue still cries for a satisfactory solution. Logical approaches to confirmation, such as the hypothetico-deductive method and the positive instance account of confirmation, are problematic because of their neglect of the semantic dimension of hypothesis confirmation. Probabilistic accounts of confirmation are no better than logical approaches in this regard. An outstanding probabilistic account of confirmation, the Bayesian approach, for instance, is found to be defective in that it treats evidence as a formal entity and this creates the problem of relevance of evidence to the hypothesis at issue, in addition to the difficulties arising from the subjective interpretation of probabilities. This essay purports to satisfy the need for a successful account of hypothesis confirmation by offering an original formulation based on the notion of instantiation of the relation urged by an hypothesis.     

The effect of different hypertension models on active avoidance learning

This study tested the effects of different hypertension models on active avoidance learning in rats. Three-month-old male Wistar rats were divided randomly into six groups as follows: control (C), sham operated (sham), two kidney-one clip (2K-1C), one kidney-one clip (1K-1C), deoxycorticosterone-salt (DOCA), and N-omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) groups. Mean arterial blood pressures were significantly higher in four hypertensive groups compared with control and sham groups. The active avoidance training results indicated that hypertension state is associated with learning impairment. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were determined as an indicator of lipid peroxidation in brain and hippocampus. Additionally, brain and hippocampus nitrite levels were studied.     

Effect of Perceived Social Support on Self-care Agency and Loneliness Among Elderly Muslim People

Journal of Religion and Health - This study was conducted to investigate the effect of perceived social support on self-care agency and loneliness among elderly Muslim people. This study...     

Beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on active avoidance performance in 1K-1C hypertensive rats

The present study evaluated the role of chronic docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on active avoidance learning task performance in experimental hypertension. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five experimental groups as follows: control, sham, DHA treated, 1K-1C hypertensive, and 1K-1C hypertensive+DHA treated. Hypertension was induced in 1K-1C rats via placing a silver clip (0.20-mm ID) around the left renal artery following a right uninephrectomy. DHA (36 mg/kg/day) was given to the treatment groups for 60 days by gastric gavage. Arterial blood pressure was measured by using the tail-cuff method. Active avoidance responses were determined by an automated shuttle-box. In brain (cerebrum) and hippocampus tissues, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nitrite levels were measured by fluorometric methods. DHA supplementation decreased blood pressure in hypertensive rats. Data from active avoidance training indicated that performance of active avoidance learning tasks were significantly impaired in 1K-1C hypertensive rats, but was completely restored by DHA supplementation. Increased cerebrum TBARS levels in 1K-1C rats were abolished by DHA administration. Cerebrum nitrite levels were lower in the DHA, 1K-1C and 1K-1C+DHA treated groups compared to controls. Hippocampus nitrite levels were lower in DHA treated and 1K-1C hypertensive rats compared to controls and higher in 1K-1C+DHA treated rats compared to the 1K-1C group. Our data indicates that DHA supplementation improves the performance of active avoidance learning tasks which is impaired in experimental hypertension. These affirmative changes might be due to a DHA-induced decrease in lipid peroxidation which may in turn limit the consumption of nitric oxide (NO) which promotes active avoidance learning.     

Interventionist Secularism: A Comparative Analysis of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (1923–1928) and the Indian Constituent Assembly (1946–1949) Debates

The debates in the Turkish Grand National Assembly (1923–1928) and the Indian Constituent Assembly (1946–1949) inscribed the secular infrastructures of these states into law. A close examination of these debates shows that while the separation of religion and state was an important aspect of Turkish and Indian secularisms, both allowed the state to intervene in the religious sphere. In both, state intervention in religion sought to transform the majority religion into a secularized and modernized form that would complement national identity. However, whereas Turkish secularism adopted “restrictive intervention,” which sanctions state interference to construct a monolithic national identity, the Indian nationalist leaders adopted “emancipative intervention,” which seeks to create an overarching national identity while preserving the cultural and religious diversity of society. While the former type of secularist intervention limits religion's public visibility and places it under state control, the latter seeks to eliminate and reform religious practices that hinder social justice and equality. Based on this analysis, I argue that secularism may be seen as a tool state authorities utilize in the service of the political project of creating a modern nation.     

Predicting domain‐specific risk taking with the HEXACO personality structure

Although risk taking traditionally has been viewed as a unitary, stable individual difference variable, emerging evidence in behavioral decision‐making research suggests that risk taking is a domain‐specific construct. Utilizing a psychological risk‐return framework that regresses risk taking on the perceived benefits and perceived riskiness of an activity (Weber & Milliman, 1997 ), this study examined the relations between risk attitude and broad personality dimensions using the new HEXACO personality framework (Lee & Ashton, 2004 ) across four risk domains. This personality framework, which has been replicated in lexical studies in over 12 natural languages, assess personality over six broad personality dimensions, as opposed to the traditional Five‐Factor Model, or “Big Five.” Through path analysis, we regressed risk taking in four separate domains on risk perceptions, perceived benefits, and the six HEXACO dimensions. Across all risk domains, we found that the emotionality dimension was associated with heightened risk perceptions and high conscientiousness was associated with less perceived benefits. We also report several unique patterns of domain‐specific relations between the HEXACO dimensions and risk attitude. Specifically, openness was associated with risk taking and perceived benefits for social and recreational risks, whereas lower honesty/humility was associated with greater health/safety and ethical risk taking. These findings extend our understanding of how individuals approach risk across a variety of contexts, and further highlight the utility of honesty/humility, a dimension not recovered in Big Five models, in individual differences research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.