This paper describes a test chamber, a food acquisition task, and a training procedure for the long-term testing of an implanted mouse in a circadian rhythm experiment. For the training phase, a special-purpose controller is provided to a single cage. For the experimental phase, behavioral, electrophysiological, and environmental measures are collected by means of a mini-computer. 相似文献
Narcissistic personality disorder is a relatively uncommon diagnosis in clinical settings; however, these patients are frequently in need of and referred for long-term psychotherapy. Such patients may not seek therapy willingly but do so at a time when they experience sufficient vulnerability to accept therapy. Given these and other characteristics, the narcissistic patient can be challenging for therapists. This paper suggests some strategic approaches that may be employed with patients with narcissistic pathology. Partly, these approaches incorporate more contemporary understandings of narcissistic pathology such as appreciating that these patients can present both the grandiose and vulnerable elements of narcissistic pathology and that a gender focus using theories of masculinity may enlighten our approach to these patients. Specifically the strategies reviewed are: starting therapy by assessing for the patient’s vulnerable characteristics and offering some gratification for their need for acknowledgement; monitoring and managing the risk of suicide and comorbid disorder in patients with narcissistic pathology and in the working through phase of therapy, recognizing the need for patients to developed increased self-cohesion and the importance of supervision/consultation in the working through process of therapy. 相似文献
One of the main problems regarding language which has bothered philosophers since antiquity is that it often misleads us. Linguistic understanding inevitably involves a subject who understands and the subject-matter or content of what she understands. Since the subject-matter of linguistic understanding is externally given to the subject as text or spoken word, linguistic understanding, therefore, is both subjective and objective at the same time and ineluctably involves interpretation on the part of the subject. But the moment we grant the subjective participation in understanding, the problem of universality of meaning would inevitably raise its head. This problem has been addressed in different ways by different thinkers across history and cultures. Even though some of the ancient Indian thinkers like Bhartṛhari mainly focus on understanding of the Vedic texts, they could probably have important clues for the problem of universality in understanding through language as it is posed by hermeneutic thinkers starting from St. Augustine in medieval period up to Gadamer and Habermas in more recent times. This paper attempts to explore and examine Bhartṛhari’s philosophy of verbal holism from the point of view of the problem of universality in hermeneutics.
This paper presents a nonspatial operationalization of the Krumhansl (1978, 1982) distancedensity model of similarity. This model assumes that the similarity between two objectsi andj is a function of both the interpoint distance betweeni andj and the density of other stimulus points in the regions surroundingi andj. We review this conceptual model and associated empirical evidence for such a specification. A nonspatial, tree-fitting methodology is described which is sufficiently flexible to fit a number of competing hypotheses of similarity formation. A sequential, unconstrained minimization algorithm is technically presented together with various program options. Three applications are provided which demonstrate the flexibility of the methodology. Finally, extensions to spatial models, three-way analyses, and hybrid models are discussed. 相似文献
Although waiting for a reward reduces or discounts its value, some people have a stronger tendency to wait for larger rewards and forgo smaller-but-immediate rewards. This ability to delay gratification is captured by individual differences in so-called intertemporal choices in which individuals are asked to choose between larger-but-delayed versus smaller-but-immediate rewards. The current study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine whether enhancement in two neurocognitive processes, outcome anticipation and outcome evaluation, modulate individual variability in intertemporal responses. After completing a behavioral intertemporal choice task, 34 participants performed an ERP gambling task. From this ERP task, we separately examined individual differences in outcome anticipation (stimulus-preceding negativity; SPN), early outcome valuation (feedback-related negativity; FRN), and late outcome evaluation (P3). We observed that both elevated outcome-anticipation (SPN) and late outcome-evaluation (P3) neural processes predicted a stronger preference toward larger-but-delayed rewards. No relationship was observed between intertemporal responses and early outcome evaluation (FRN), indicating that the relationship between outcome evaluation and intertemporal responses was specific to the late outcome-evaluation processing stream. Moreover, multiple regression analyses indicated that the SPN and P3 independently modulate individual differences in intertemporal responses, suggesting separate mechanisms underlie the relationship between these two neurocognitive processes and intertemporal responses. Accordingly, we identify two potential neurocognitive modulators of individual variability in intertemporal responses. We discuss the mechanisms underlying these modulators in terms of anticipation-related processing (SPN) and a saliency bias toward gain (compared to loss) outcomes (P3). 相似文献
Little is known about the positive emotional impact of fairness or the process of resolving conflict between fairness and financial interests. In past research, fairness has covaried with monetary payoff, such that the mental processes underlying preference for fairness and those underlying preference for greater monetary outcome could not be distinguished. We examined self-reported happiness and neural responses to fair and unfair offers while controlling for monetary payoff. Compared with unfair offers of equal monetary value, fair offers led to higher happiness ratings and activation in several reward regions of the brain. Furthermore, the tendency to accept unfair proposals was associated with increased activity in right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, a region involved in emotion regulation, and with decreased activity in the anterior insula, which has been implicated in negative affect. This work provides evidence that fairness is hedonically valued and that tolerating unfair treatment for material gain involves a pattern of activation resembling suppression of negative affect. 相似文献
Declines in the ability to process context information may represent a fundamental mechanism of age-related cognitive changes. Two components of context processing--activation/updating and maintenance--were examined in a sample of healthy younger and older adults, along with individuals suffering from early stage dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). All older adult groups showed context activation/updating impairments, whereas context maintenance was only impaired in the oldest adults (age>75 years) and was further exacerbated in DAT individuals. The results suggest that context processing may be composed of functionally dissociable components and point to the utility of this construct in understanding the timecourse of cognitive decline in healthy and pathological aging. 相似文献
Although neuroticism has been central to most theories of personality, self-reported neuroticism has had limited success in
predicting expected behavioral outcomes. The reason for this may be due, in part, to the imprecision of self-reports. The
purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between neural correlates of control systems and neuroticism, extraversion,
and self-consciousness. In response to an oddball task, neuroticism was associated with increased dorsal anterior cingulate
cortex (dACC) reactivity, typically associated with discrepancy detection, whereas extraversion and self-consciousness were
associated with lateral and medial frontoparietal networks, respectively, typically associated with task-focused (lateral)
or self-focused (medial) controlled processes. We also examined whether the neural measure of neuroticism would predict a
relevant behavioral outcome better than self-reports would. Interoceptive accuracy, an outcome associated with neuroticism,
was better accounted for by dACC reactivity (r2=.74) than by self-reported neuroticism (r2=.16), suggesting that neural reactivities may provide a more direct measure of personality than self-reports do. 相似文献