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1.
Knut Erik Tranøy 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》1988,9(3):337-350
In Norway, by tradition a Lutheran country, the puritan ethics of a “moral minority” has a strong influence on the development and manifestations of medical ethics. Those who exert this influence are found primarily among politicians, the clergy, and, last but certainly not least, among nurses and doctors. The focus of interest is not so much on problems of bioethical moral theory or the teaching of bioethics to students, but very much on attitudes and policies with regard to substantive issues traditionally regarded in Norway as burning bioethical issues, such as: medical research ethics, abortion, prenatal diagnosis, euthanasia, definitions of death, and reproductive technologies. 相似文献
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3.
A number of measures have been used in epidemiological studies of children's exposure to community violence, yet the quality
of these instruments is not uniformly good. This paper undertakes a systematic review of the most commonly used (or most promising)
self-report or interview-administered instruments, with regard to their conceptual bases and psychometric properties. Based
on the review, recommendations are made for working with the current state of the science in order to move the field forward.
A key recommendation is for sounder conceptualization of work in the field and greater transparency in the reporting of research,
in order to facilitate the comparability of studies. 相似文献
4.
The aim of the present study was to examine if coping strategies mediate dispositional optimism-posttraumatic growth relation in postoperative breast cancer patients. The data were collected from 90 patients in two hospitals. Regression analyses revealed that problem-focused coping fully mediated dispositional optimism-posttraumatic growth relation, but emotion-focused coping did not. That is, postoperative breast cancer patients who were optimistic were more likely to use problem-focused coping strategies that, in turn, led to the development of posttraumatic growth. The findings were congruent with the literature in which problem-focused coping was mostly highlighted as compared to emotion-focused coping, and in which optimism and problem-focused coping relationship was emphasized in the path of posttraumatic growth. 相似文献
5.
Gerstein ED Pedersen Y Arbona A Crnic KA Ryu E Baker BL Blacher J 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(3):351-364
Children with early developmental delays are at heightened risk for behavior problems and comorbid psychopathology. This study
examined the trajectories of regulatory capabilities and their potentially mediating role in the development of behavior problems
for children with and without early developmental delays. A sample of 231 children comprised of 137 typically developing children
and 94 children with developmental delays were examined during mildly frustrating laboratory tasks across the preschool period
(ages 3–5). Results indicated that children with delays had greater use of maladaptive strategies (distraction, distress venting)
and lower use of adaptive strategies (constructive coping) than typically developing children. For both groups, strategies
had similar rates of growth across time; maladaptive strategies decreased and adaptive strategies increased. The intercept
of strategy use, but not the slope, was found to mediate the relation between developmental risk and externalizing behaviors.
Findings support that dysregulation, rather than the developmental risk, may be responsible for the high levels of comorbid
psychopathology. 相似文献
6.
Metzger A Dawes N Mermelstein R Wakschlag L 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2011,32(1):1-9
Longitudinal associations among different types of organized activity involvement, problem peer associations, and cigarette smoking were examined in a sample of 1040 adolescents (mean age = 15.62 at baseline, 16.89 at 15-month assessment, 17.59 at 24 months) enriched for smoking experimentation (83% had tried smoking). A structural equation model tested longitudinal paths between three categories of involvement (team sports, school clubs and activities, and religious activities, measured at baseline and 15 months), problem peer associations (baseline and 15 months), and cigarette smoking behavior (baseline and 24 months). Multi-group analyses indicated pathways differed by type of activity and adolescent gender. Boys' baseline team sports and religious involvement predicted lower levels of smoking at 24 months via continued activity involvement at 15 months. Girls' involvement in school clubs and activities and religious activities indirectly predicted lower levels of smoking at 24 months via reduced exposure to problem peers at 15 months. 相似文献
7.
Nilüfer Ersan Semanur Dölekoğlu Erdoğan Fişekçioğlu Mehmet İlgüy İnci Oktay 《Psychology, health & medicine》2018,23(5):567-577
Dental education programs are known to be highly stressful and stress can affect general health. The aims were to identify sources of stress among preclinical students and to evaluate their perceived levels of stress, self-efficacy and effective coping strategies in a private dental school. One hundred preclinical students in a Turkish private dental school were surveyed using dental environment stress (DES), perceived stress (PSS), general self-efficacy (G-SES) and brief coping scales (Brief-COPE). Age, gender, history of psychiatric treatment, factors that affected the choice of dentistry, choice rank of dental school, scholarship and income was recorded. ‘Exams and grades’ followed by ‘Fear of failing course or year’ were found to be the most stressprovoking factors. The most and the least stressprovoking DES domains were ‘Workload’ and ‘Social stressors’, respectively. ‘Social stressors’ affected male more than female (p < .05). The most and the least common coping strategies were found to be ‘Planning’, and ‘Drug’, respectively. Female used ‘Instrumental support’ more than male (p < .05). Demographic factors had impact on the perceived stress factors and levels, as well as coping strategies. Unlike previous studies establishing high stress levels in dental students, preclinical students displayed moderate level of stress. Clinical dental education might be more responsible for creating stress. 相似文献
8.
Aitana Fernández-Sogorb Cándido J. Inglés Ricardo Sanmartín Carolina Gonzálvez María Vicent y José Manuel García-Fernández 《International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology》2018,18(3):264-272
Background/Objectives
This paper aimed to validate the Spanish version of scores of the Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety-Revised (VAA-R) in child population, and to verify the existence of anxiety profiles and to relate them to school refusal.Method
The sample was made up of 911 Spanish students between 8 and 12 years old (M = 9.61, SD = 1.23). The measures used were the VAA-R and the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised for Children (SRAS-R-C).Results
Confirmatory factorial analysis supported the three-dimensional VAA-R structure: Anticipatory Anxiety (AA), School-based performance Anxiety (SA) and Generalized Anxiety (GA). The VAA-R has an adequate reliability and structural invariance across sex and age. No latent mean differences were found across sex, but did occur through age in AA and GA factors. Cluster analysis identified four child anxiety profiles: High Anxiety, High Anxiety School-type, Low Anxiety, and Moderate Anxiety, which differed significantly in all dimensions of school refusal.Conclusions
These findings may be useful for the assessment and treatment of anxious symptoms originated at school. 相似文献9.
Knut Erik Tranöy 《Inquiry (Oslo, Norway)》2013,56(1-4):351-372
Ethical notions such as good and bad, are often treated as though they were ‘symmetric’ in the sense of having the same moral ‘weight’, one in a positive the other in a negative sense. I argue that they are in fact ‘asymmetric’ and that the negative members of such pairs of notions are more fundamental and definite, logically speaking, and operationally more important than the positive members. Detailed arguments are given to show this for some non‐moral notions, such as life and death, health and illness; some semi‐moral notions such as pleasure and pain; and finally for the moral notions of happiness, benevolence, right, and good and their negative counterparts. One of the intentions of the article is to show that a systematic view of such asymmetries may have consequences for one's view of the proper or desirable structure of a general theory of ethics: norms stating prohibitions and norms stating permissions will be seen to be, in a sense defined in the text, more fundamental and important than norms stating ('positive') obligations. 相似文献
10.
Longitudinal predictors of changes in the morningness–eveningness personality among Norwegian nurses
Øystein Vedaa Bjørn Bjorvatn Nils Magerøy Eirunn Thun Ståle Pallesen 《Personality and individual differences》2013
The aim of this cohort study was to investigate factors that might cause a shift in morningness–eveningness personality. A large sample of Norwegian nurses (n = 1144) participated in a longitudinal survey study about life- and work factors, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and habits such as smoking, caffeine- and alcohol consumption. A hierarchical regression analysis was employed to determine if these variables had predictive value concerning changes in morningness assessed with the Diurnal Type Scale (DTS) over a 24-month interval. The results showed that percentage of full time equivalent, having children (or having children move in), and female gender all predicted higher scores on the morningness scale over time. Also, factors such as number of night shifts during the past two years, whether the subject had started smoking and higher alcohol consumption by the subject all predicted lower scores on the morningness scale over time. 相似文献