Psychological reactance: examination across age, ethnicity, and gender

Psychological reactance is a motivational state aroused when real or perceived personal freedoms are threatened, reduced, or eliminated. Although psychological reactance theory has existed for almost 40 years, there is still dissent over some of its most basic characteristics. Research on age and ethnicity is scant, and research on gender has not produced a clear pattern of results. We attempted to clarify the relationships of these variables to psychological reactance. A total of 3,499 undergraduates completed the Therapeutic Reactance Scale and a brief demographic questionnaire. We found a curvilinear relationship between age and reactance, with older and younger participants exhibiting higher reactance than the middle age group. African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics exhibited higher total, behavioral, and verbal reactance than Caucasians and Native Americans. Men produced higher total, behavioral, and verbal reactance scores than women. We discuss the implications of these findings and make suggestions for further research.     

Psychological Reactance in College Students: Family‐of‐Origin Predictors

This study examined the relationship between psychological reactance and dimensions of functioning in the family of origin. Psychological reactance is the tendency to exhibit resistance in relation to one's freedoms being restricted. Three hundred par ticipants completed the Therapeutic Reactance Scale (E. T. Dowd, C. R. Milne, & S. L. Wise, 1991), the Family Environment Scale (R. H. Moos & B. S. Moos, 1986), and demographic questions. Results showed that 5 family dimensions (i.e., cohesion, conflict, moral‐religious emphasis, independence, and achievement orientation) significantly predicted psychological reactance. Results also showed that college students from divorced families were more psychologically reactant than students from intact families. Implications of these results for counselors and for future researchers are provided.