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Ronald H. Fredrickson Francis U. Macy Donn Vickers 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1978,57(3):166-169
Adults have unique problems in making career changes. They face crucial economic, educational, and psychological barriers that require special guidance services. In this article, barriers to adult career change are identified and a five-county regional learning service using paraprofessionals is described. Results in working with more than 200 adults making career changes is reported. Suggestions for overcoming some of the problems adults face in making career changes are explained. 相似文献
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MacGregor and Ormerod (1996) have presented results purporting to show that human performance on visually presented traveling salesman problems, as indexed by a measure of response uncertainty, is strongly determined by the number of points in the stimulus array falling inside the convex hull, as distinct from the total number of points. It is argued that this conclusion is artifactually determined by their constrained procedure for stimulus construction, and, even if true, would be limited to arrays with fewer than around 50 points. 相似文献
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Clark MM Croghan IT Reading S Schroeder DR Stoner SM Patten CA Vickers KS 《Body image》2005,2(3):263-270
This study examined the association of cigarette smoking status and body image dissatisfaction as measured by the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), in 1575 young adult college students, 18–24 years of age. Respondents were current cigarette smokers (N = 482) or never tobacco users (N = 1093). Smoking status was found to be significantly associated with 5 of the 10 MBSRQ subscales, with current smokers having lower scores on Fitness Orientation, Health Evaluation and Health Orientation (all p < 0.001) and higher scores on Appearance Orientation (p = 0.01) and Overweight Preoccupation (p = 0.03) compared with never tobacco users. Furthermore, among current smokers, a higher number of days smoked in the last 30 days were associated with lower scores on all MBSRQ subscales, except Self-Classified Weight. In terms of clinical implications, interventions for smoking cessation among college students might benefit from inclusion of components for addressing body image dissatisfaction and improving health beliefs. 相似文献
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The planar Euclidean version of the travelling salesperson problem (TSP) requires finding a tour of minimal length through a two-dimensional set of nodes. Despite the computational intractability of the TSP, people can produce rapid, near-optimal solutions to visually presented versions of such problems. To explain this, MacGregor et al (1999, Perception 28 1417-1428) have suggested that people use a global-to-local process, based on a perceptual tendency to organise stimuli into convex figures. We review the evidence for this idea and propose an alternative, local-to-global hypothesis, based on the detection of least distances between the nodes in an array. We present the results of an experiment in which we examined the relationships between three objective measures and performance measures of optimality and response uncertainty in tasks requiring participants to construct a closed tour or an open path. The data are not well accounted for by a process based on the convex hull. In contrast, results are generally consistent with a locally focused process based initially on the detection of nearest-neighbour clusters. Individual differences are interpreted in terms of a hierarchical process of constructing solutions, and the findings are related to a more general analysis of the role of nearest neighbours in the perception of structure and motion. 相似文献
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Little research has been carried out on human performance in optimization problems, such as the Traveling Salesman problem
(TSP). Studies by Polivanova (1974, Voprosy Psikhologii, 4, 41–51) and by MacGregor and Ormerod (1996, Perception & Psychophysics, 58, 527–539) suggest that: (1) the complexity of solutions to visually presented TSPs depends on the number of points on the
convex hull; and (2) the perception of optimal structure is an innate tendency of the visual system, not subject to individual
differences. Results are reported from two experiments. In the first, measures of the total length and completion speed of
pathways, and a measure of path uncertainty were compared with optimal solutions produced by an elastic net algorithm and
by several heuristic methods. Performance was also compared under instructions to draw the shortest or the most attractive
pathway. In the second, various measures of performance were compared with scores on Raven's advanced progressive matrices
(APM). The number of points on the convex hull did not determine the relative optimality of solutions, although both this
factor and the total number of points influenced solution speed and path uncertainty. Subjects' solutions showed appreciable
individual differences, which had a strong correlation with APM scores. The relation between perceptual organization and the
process of solving visually presented TSPs is briefly discussed, as is the potential of optimization for providing a conceptual
framework for the study of intelligence.
Received: 28 December 1998 / Accepted: 20 January 2000 相似文献
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Male goalkeepers of intermediate skill level attempted to stop penalty kicks executed with the instep and inside foot, in
situ. A mobile eye tracker and an external camera were used to collect the gaze and motor behaviors of the goalkeepers, as
well as the penalty takers’ motor behaviors and flight of the ball. Percent saves was greater during instep (28%) than inside
foot kicks (12%), but we detected few differences in fixation frequency, location, duration, or transitions that could be
attributed to the type of kick used. Fixation transitions (or the frequency of gaze shifts between locations) were significantly
higher on goals than on saves. During the final phase of the kicking action, the quiet eye was located on the visual pivot
and was longer during saves than goals. Furthermore, when the final fixation on the ball exceeded approximately 1,100 ms,
then the likelihood of goals increased. The results are discussed in light of past studies in goaltending and the dual demands
of motor tasks that require information be fixated both early and late at spatial locations that exceed the limits of focal
vision. 相似文献
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Karin E. Larsen Kristin S. Vickers Shirlene Sampson Pamela Netzel Sharonne N. Hayes 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2006,13(1):36-45
Compared with men, women are more likely to experience depression, and depression increases risk of morbidity and mortality in individuals with heart disease. Psychosocial interventions have been developed for depressed patients with heart disease; however, women's experience of chronic disease differs from men's and women may benefit from interventions tailored to address their difficulties. Spirituality and social roles have been related to depressive symptoms in other populations. To identify the relationship between depression and spirituality and social role performance (i.e., role concerns, role rewards and confidence in ability to fulfill roles) in women with heart disease, we assessed depressive symptoms, spirituality, social role functioning and medical history in 125 women with heart disease. After controlling for age and severity of medical conditions, spirituality, role confidence and role concerns were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Consideration of spirituality and aspects of social role performance may be important when developing psychosocial interventions for depressed women with heart disease. 相似文献