“亚当·斯密问题”的逻辑张力

“亚当·斯密问题”是指斯密的《国富论》与《道德情操论》之间存在着对立或不一致的问题,最初由十九世纪中叶的德国历史学派所提出。此后,随着现实与理论的发展,出现了不同的看法。学者们普遍认为,斯密的两大著作之间、经济学与伦理学之间存在着对立或者不存在对立,而是相互一致的。这些看法都具有各自的积极合理的内容,但缺乏辩证的观点,而没有看到“斯密问题”自身的逻辑张力,也就是说,“斯密问题”所指涉的是现实的经济与伦理之间及作为其理论表现的经济学与伦理学之间的关系。“斯密问题”所含的这些关系呈现出了一个动态的、由肯定到否定再到否定之否定的辩证过程。     

Presence and television.

Film and a number of emerging entertainment technologies offer media consumers an illusion of nonmediation known as presence. To investigate the possibility that television can evoke presence, 65 undergraduate students were shown brief examples of rapid point‐of‐view movement from commercially available videotapes on a television with either a small screen (12 inches [30.5 cm], measured diagonally) or a large screen (46 inches [116.8 cm]). Participants' responses were measured via a questionnaire and a computer‐based recording of arousal (electrodermal activity). Viewers of both televisions reported an enjoyable sense of physical movement, excitement, involvement, and a sense of participation. Furthermore, as predicted, participants who watched the large screen television thought the movement in the scenes was faster, experienced a greater sense of physical movement, enjoyed the movement to a greater extent, found the viewing experience more exciting, and were more physiologically aroused. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.     

Age,Emotion Regulation Strategies,Temperament, Creative Drama,and Preschoolers' Creativity

Based on Yeh's (2004) Ecological Systems Model of Creativity Development, this study investigated the effects that age, the use of emotion regulation strategies, temperament, and exposure to creative drama instruction have on the development of creativity among preschool children. Participants were 1164‐ to 6‐year‐old preschool children. This study categorized the emotion regulation strategies used by preschool children and developed a creativity test which includes the measurement of usefulness, an indicator of creativity that has, until now, been ignored. The main findings are that (a) 6‐year‐olds outperform 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds in terms of creativity; (b) emotion regulation strategies as well as a positive temperament have positive effects on children's creativity; (c) creative drama instruction contributes to children's creativity; and (d) age group, emotion regulation strategies, temperament, and creative drama instruction can collectively predict children's creativity.     

Bilateral facilitation of motor control in chronic hemiplegia

The present study addressed the efficacy of concurrently moving both arms, with and without a load added to the uninvolved arm, in facilitating the quality of movement of the involved side in individuals with moderate, chronic hemiplegia. Six hemiplegic cerebrovascular accident (CVA) subjects with left-hemisphere lesions participated in the study. The four males and two females ranged from 46 to 77 years of age and 30–96 months post-CVA. All subjects scored at least 70% on the Fugl-Meyer test of motor function. The task was to perform discrete unilateral and bilateral elbow extensions in the horizontal plane. The movements were 45° in amplitude and were to terminate in a 10° target zone that was indicated by an illustration of a coffee mug. The instructions were to move toward the mug as smoothly as possible in a movement time (MT) determined to be 20% longer than their minimal MT for that distance. The primary dependent variable was the percentage of continuous vs. discontinuous trajectories observed in each condition, based on whether or not a transient hesitation or reversal was observed. Phase of peak velocity was also quantified as a general indication of the symmetry of the velocity profile. Three of the six subjects exhibited a greater percentage of continuous movements of the involved arm in the nonloaded bilateral condition than the unimanual condition. Five subjects benefited when the uninvolved arm was inertially loaded in the bilateral condition when compared with unimanual performance. Only the oldest subject failed to exhibit facilitation. Peak velocity phase tended to normalize toward symmetry in the bilateral conditions. These findings are consistent with prior evidence that the control of the involved arm improves during bimanual performance for some hemiplegic subjects. It further suggests loading the uninvolved arm may benefit some subjects with respect to unimanual performance, with age perhaps playing a role in determining efficacy.     

Movement-Based Priming: Clinical Applications and Neural Mechanisms

Priming can be described as behavior change generated by preceding stimuli. Although various types of priming have been long studied in the field of psychology, priming that targets motor cortex is a relatively new topic of research in the fields of motor control and rehabilitation. In reference to a rehabilitation intervention, priming is categorized as a restorative approach. There are a myriad of possible priming approaches including noninvasive brain stimulation, motor imagery, and sensory-based priming, to name a few. The authors report on movement-based priming which, compared to other priming types, is less frequently examined and under reported. Movement-based priming includes, but is not limited to, bilateral motor priming, unilateral priming, and aerobic exercise. Clinical and neural mechanistic aspects of movement-based priming techniques are explored.