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Products of modal logics, part 1 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Reingold EM Stampe DM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2004,30(1):194-211
In 5 experiments, participants read text that was briefly replaced by a transient image for 33 ms at random intervals. A decrease in saccadic frequency, referred to as saccadic inhibition, occurred as early as 60-70 ms following the onset of abrupt changes in visual input. It was demonstrated that the saccadic inhibition was influenced by the saliency of the visual event (Experiment 3) and was not produced in response to abrupt but irrelevant auditory stimuli (Experiment 1). Display changes restricted to an area either inside or outside the perceptual span required for normal reading produced strong saccadic inhibition (Experiment 2). Finally, Experiments 4 and 5 demonstrated higher level cognitive or attentional modulation of the saccadic inhibition effect. 相似文献
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The media creates and sustains knowledge about socially relevant issues such as crime, mental illness, and policing. Past research suggests that while the media portrayal of the police is undoubtedly complex, their portrayal of people experiencing mental illness remains mainly negative. The depiction of their encounters in the mass media is of considerable interest because of the influential role the media has on public opinion and debate; however, there is a lack of current research in this area. This study aimed to examine media items in the major newspapers across Australia between January 2006 and December 2007 (n = 77) to investigate their portrayal of this interface. The dominant themes encountered in the initial analysis depicted people experiencing mental illness as dangerous and a threat to the public, where the mental health system has failed to manage them adequately. Further analyses found that people experiencing mental illness were stigmatised in a third of the media items reviewed and were represented significantly more negatively in these encounters than the police. Implications of these findings and some suggestions regarding possible strategies that could improve socially responsible media reporting and public discourse on mental illness are proposed. 相似文献
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Eyal M. Reingold Neil Charness Richard S. Schultetus Dave M. Stampe 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2001,8(3):504-510
A check detection task in a 5 × 5 section of the chessboard, containing a King and one or two potential checking pieces was
employed. The checking status (i.e., the presence or absence of a check) and the number of attackers (one or two) were manipulated.
It was found that the reaction time cost for adding a distractor was differentially greater inno trials thanyes trials for novice, but not for expert, chess players. In addition, we contrasted standard check detection trials with trials
in which one of two attackers was cued (colored red) and the task was to determine the checking status of the cued attacker
while ignoring the other attacker. We documented a Stroop-like interference effect on trials in which a cued nonchecking attacker
appeared together with an attacker that was checking (i.e., incongruent). These findings suggest automatic and parallel encoding
procedures for chess relations in experts. 相似文献
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Expert and intermediate chess players attempted to choose the best move in five chess positions while their eye movements were monitored. Experts were faster and more accurate than intermediates in choosing the best move. Experts made fewer fixations per trial and greater amplitude saccades than did intermediates, but there was no difference in fixation duration across skill groups. Examining the spatial distribution of the first five fixations for each position by skill group revealed that experts produced more fixations on empty squares than did intermediates. When fixating pieces, experts produced a greater proportion of fixations on relevant pieces than did intermediates. It is argued that expert chess players perceptually encode chess configurations, rather than individual pieces, and, consequently, parafoveal or peripheral processing guides their eye movements, producing a pattern of saccadic selectivity by piece saliency. 相似文献
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Dave M. Stampe 《Behavior research methods》1993,25(2):137-142
Methods for enhancing the accuracy of fixation and saccade detection and the reliability of calibration in video gaze-tracking systems are discussed. The unique aspects of the present approach include effective low-delay noise reduction prior to the detection of fixation changes, monitoring of gaze position in real time by the operator, identification of saccades as small as 0.5° while eliminating false fixations, and a quick, high-precision, semiautomated calibration procedure. 相似文献
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Visual span in expert chess players: evidence from eye movements 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The reported research extends classic findings that after briefly viewing structured, but not random, chess positions, chess masters reproduce these positions much more accurately than less-skilled players. Using a combination of the gaze-contingent window paradigm and the change blindness flicker paradigm, we documented dramatically larger visual spans for experts while processing structured, but not random, chess positions. In addition, in a check-detection task, a minimized 3 × 3 chessboard containing a King and potentially checking pieces was displayed. In this task, experts made fewer fixations per trial than less-skilled players, and had a greater proportion of fixations between individual pieces, rather than on pieces. Our results provide strong evidence for a perceptual encoding advantage for experts attributable to chess experience, rather than to a general perceptual or memory superiority. 相似文献
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