The psychosocial factors of the abortion experience: a critical review

The literature on the psychosocial factors of abortion is critically reviewed. It is concluded that due to faulty methodology no general statements can be made about these factors for women receiving illegal abortions. It appears that the data showing that women receiving therapeutic abortions experienced favor- able psychological conseuqences are stronger than the data indicating negative consequences. Studies of abortion on request, which, for the most part, have been methodologically sound, indicate that the new abortion patients are mostly young, unmarried women who are not in a social position to bear and care for a child. They tend to end their pregnancies for social and economic reasons. Further, they are either not aware of or not concerned about the possibility of getting pregnant at the time of intercourse, or they have a contraceptive failure. Finally, the psychological consequences of abortion on request appear to be most1 y benign.     

Attributions of causality and reactions to uncontrollable outcomes

The experiment tested the hypothesis that the stress experienced by a person who is unable to control aversive stimulation is not a function of lack of control per se, but of the attribution of causality that (s)he makes for failure to exert control. Subjects were given a problem-solving task, and were told that they could prevent aversive noise bursts by correctly solving the problems. Subjects then received false feedback that they had done either well or poorly on the problems. In addition, failing subjects received information that led them to attribute their performance either to their own lack of ability or to situational factors (task difficulty). Subjects who attributed their failure to their own incompetence felt considerably more stress than subjects who made situational attributions. In fact, the latter subjects experienced no more stress than subjects who were successful in controlling the stimulation. Surprisingly, subjects whose attributions for performance led them to feel personally incompetent performed better than the remaining subjects both on problems administered in the same situation, and on problems administered in a new and different situation. The implications of the results for future helplessness studies and for the learned helplessness model were discussed.     

实用主义对我来说意味着什么：十条原则

实用主义是一种复杂的传统,它的代表人物都极力维护他们各自不同的观点在哲学上的地位。本文列出的实用主义十个基本原则是实用主义哲学的本质所在,而且其中的大多数一直是实用主义运动所关注的。这十个原则即：（1）实在的本性是变动的、开放的和偶然的;（2）思想理论领域的人类行动、实践和意愿的优先性;（3）非还原的、具身性的自然主义;（4）与二元论及确定性研究截然相对的反笛卡尔主义;（5）作为知识获得和意义生成之必要条件的共同体;（6）确认经验和实验在认识中（如同在人类其他活动领域中）作用的经验主义立场;（7）强调面向未来的前瞻性;（8）对实践和理论的改良态度;（9）强调整体性而非二元论的整体论思想;（10）强调实践、价值、意义等的多样性的多元论主张。     

Reorientation and landmark-guided search by young children: evidence for two systems

Disoriented 4-year-old children use a distinctive container to locate a hidden object, but do they reorient by this information? We addressed this question by testing children's search for objects in a circular room containing one distinctive and two identical containers. Children's search patterns provided evidence that the distinctive container served as a direct cue to a hidden object's location, but not as a directional signal guiding reorientation. The findings suggest that disoriented children's search behavior depends on two distinct processes: a modular reorientation process attuned to the geometry of the surface layout and an associative process linking landmarks to specific locations.