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Many of the most significant choices that people make are between vices, which exchange small immediate rewards for large delayed costs, and virtues, which exchange small immediate costs for large delayed rewards. We investigate the consequences of making a series of such choices either simultaneously or sequentially. We made two predictions. First, because many alternatives chosen under simultaneous choice will only be experienced following a delay, and because hyperbolic time discounting predicts that people will prefer delayed virtues but immediate vices, we predicted that people would choose more virtues in simultaneous than sequential choice. Second, due to the tendency to diversify portfolios of choices, we predicted a greater mix of virtues and vices in simultaneous than sequential choice. These predictions were confirmed in two experiments involving real choices; one between ‘highbrow’ and ‘lowbrow’ movies, and the other between ‘instant‐win’ and ‘prize‐draw’ lottery tickets. We conclude by posing the question of whether simultaneous or sequential choice results in decisions that more closely approximate what people ‘really’ want. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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G. Gangadhar D. Joseph A.V. Srinivasan D. Subramanian R.G. Shivakeshavan N. Shobana V.S. Chakravarthy 《Human movement science》2009,28(5):602
Parkinsonian handwriting is typically characterized by micrographia, jagged line contour, and unusual fluctuations in pen velocity. In this paper we present a computational model of handwriting generation that highlights the role of the basal ganglia, particularly the indirect pathway. Whereas reduced dopamine levels resulted in reduced letter size, transition of STN–GPe dynamics from desynchronized (normal) to synchronized (PD) condition resulted in increased fluctuations in velocity in the model. We also present handwriting data from PD patients (n = 34) who are at various stages of disease and had taken medication various lengths of time before the handwriting sessions. The patient data are compared with those of age-matched controls. PD handwriting statistically exhibited smaller size and larger velocity fluctuation compared to normal handwriting. 相似文献
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Renee O. Hawkins Shobana Musti-Rao Cynthia Hughes Laura Berry Shannon McGuire 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2009,18(4):300-318
Researchers have documented the positive effects of classwide peer tutoring on academic performance, engagement, and other
social behaviors of students with and without disabilities. Commonly, in classwide peer tutoring, students are paired and
the class is divided in half. Points are awarded for tutoring behavior and academic responding during the tutoring session.
At the end of the session, the half of the class with the most points earns a reward. In the current study, a fifth-grade
teacher implemented classwide peer tutoring for multiplication facts. Instead of the traditional reinforcement system, a randomized
classwide interdependent group contingency was implemented. Applying a multiple-probe design across problem sets, students
demonstrated increased multiplication fact fluency across three problem sets. Discussion focuses on applied implications for
contingency management when implementing classwide peer tutoring programs. 相似文献
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Journal of Behavioral Education - This study employed an alternating treatments design to compare the effects of two types of practice conditions on the subtraction fact fluency in a fifth-grade... 相似文献
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