RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOLLAND'S TYPOLOGY AND COGNITIVE STYLES

This paper combines the results of two studies across different cultures which included an investigation into the relationship between field-dependence-independence and vocational orientations within the framework of Holland's theory of career choice and Witkin's theory of psychological differentiation. The samples included 179 Canadian senior high school students and 376 Pakistani college and university students. Both samples were administered Self-Directed Search and Group Embedded Figures Test. The results indicated a significant relationship between cognitive styles and vocational orientations. It was evident from the findings of these two studies that the theories of Holland and Witkin dove-tail nicely with each other.     

A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION

A cross-cultural study of psychological differentiation of Canadian and Pakistani high school students was undertaken to examine the nature of psychological differentiation in relation to differences in age/grade, gender, and academic programs. The study involved 707 Canadian students from grades 6, 8, 10, and 12; and 349 Pakistani students from grades 8, 9, 10, and 12. The Group Embedded Figures Test was employed as a measure of the field-dependence-independence cognitive style. Analyses of data included two-way and three-way analyses of variance to determine the effects of grade, gender, and academic program upon GEFT scores. Differences in psychological differentiation between high school students in the two cultures were discussed in terms of Berry's eco-cultural model.     

Educational,social, and psychological correlates of vocational maturity

An investigation of the educational, social, and psychological correlates of vocational maturity was undertaken in an Ontario high school involving a sample of 272 students. The analysis of data revealed that the students' CMI scores were generally correlated with (i) their educational and occupational aspirations, (ii) self-estimates of their general ability and classroom performance, (iii) their parents' educational level, and (iv) educational and occupational aspirations parents held for them. It was found moreover that higher CMI scores were associated with higher self-esteem, more internal locus of control, and more intrinsic work values. Implications of the results are discussed for educational practice.     

The relationship between responsiveness to social and monetary rewards and ADHD symptoms

Alterations in reward processing are frequently reported in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One important factor affecting reward processing is the quality of reward as social and monetary rewards are processed by different neural networks. However, the effect of reward type on reward processing in ADHD has not been extensively studied. Hence, in the current study, an exploratory research was conducted to investigate the effect of reward type (i.e., social or monetary) on different phases of reward processing. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) during a spatial attention paradigm in which cues heralded availability and type of the upcoming reward and feedbacks informed about the reward earned. Thirty-nine (19 males) healthy individuals (age range: 19-27 years) participated in the study. ADHD symptoms were assessed by using ADHD self-report scale (ASRS). Our results revealed a consistent negative correlation between the hyperactivity subscale of ASRS and almost all social-feedback related ERPs (P2, P3, and FRN). ERP amplitudes after social feedbacks were less positive for P2 and P3 and more negative for FRN for individuals with greater hyperactivity levels. Our findings suggest that hyporesponsiveness to social feedbacks may be associated with hyperactivity. However, the results have to be confirmed with clinical populations.     

An investigation into the construct validity of Crites' career maturity model

Lack of clear support for Crites' career maturity model in recent research, among other factors, led to this investigation, which involved 142, 114, 112, and 71 students from grades 9, 10, 11, and 12, respectively, of an Ontario high school. The study explored two major questions: (1) Are career-choice attitudes and career-choice competencies different dimensions of Crites' model? (2) Does vocational maturity proceed monotonically by grade levels? The investigators found intercorrelations among the Career Maturity Inventory (CMI) Attitude Scale and five parts of the CMI Competence Test to be more consistent with Crites' model than those reported by others. This study found correlations in the .10s and .20s between the Attitude Scale and the Competence Test and correlations in the .30s and .40s within various parts of the Competence Test. There was also a monotonie increase in CMI scores from grades 9 through 12 with significant grade and sex effects. Since the findings of this study are at odds with the results of other recent studies on the validity of the model, there is a need for further research.     

Would you post that picture and let your dad see it? Culture,honor, and Facebook

Honor means “high respect; esteem,” but it has different associations for different cultures. In honor cultures (Turkey), esteem depends on one's own perception of self‐worth and on other people's opinions. In those cultures, honor is easily lost and difficult to regain. In dignity cultures (northern America), esteem mainly depends on the individual and cannot be taken away by others. One way to lose honor in Turkey is through behaviors that may be seen as “potentially improper.” Thus, we expected that posting pictures of such behaviors on Facebook (e.g., at a party; with one's boyfriend/girlfriend) and letting others see them would be less likely in Turkey than in the northern United States. Moreover, we investigated whether honor endorsement was the reason for this difference. We examined participants' posting intentions and actual Facebook behaviors. As expected, Turkish participants were less willing to post and let others (especially their relatives) see their potentially improper pictures compared with northern Americans. Moreover, honor endorsement negatively predicted the willingness to post such pictures only in Turkey, especially for women. This suggests that in honor cultures, the concern for losing honor could be the underlying reason for avoiding social media postings that could be potentially perceived as improper. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigating the measurement structure of the Turkish version of the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale-9

Current Psychology - The Turkish version of the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale-9 (DAS-9) items assesses an individual’s level of endorsement of dysfunctional attitudes associated with...     

Analyzing head roll and eye torsion by means of offline image processing

Ocular torsion is a key problem in the understanding of many visual perceptual effects. However, since it is difficult to record, its integration with other sensorimotor signals is still poorly understood. Unfortunately, eyetracker systems are generally not dedicated to the monitoring of eye torsion. In addition, the classical methods used with video-based systems present some limits in the accuracy of torsion calculation. These limits are especially related to the detection of pupil center and the effects of pupil size changes. This article aims at (1) proposing a solution to analyze ocular torsion together with head roll using EyeLink II or similar equipment, (2) reviewing and adapting classical polar cross-correlation methods in order to improve the accuracy of torsion measurement, (3) providing a lower-cost method compared with the existing ones. Video sequences issued from the EyeLink II host computer monitor were recorded by means of a second computer equipped with a video acquisition card and converted into image sequences. Images were analyzed with algorithms of pupil center detection (median-based algorithm), torsion analysis (adapted polar cross-correlation method which takes into account pupil size variations) and marker tracking (head roll analysis). This method was tested on virtual eye images. Results are discussed with respect to other algorithms found in the literature.