The economic causes and consequences of Canadian citizenship

Immigrants ascend to citizenship at differential rates in Canada. This paper investigates the economic costs and benefits derived from citizenship to rationalize the differential rates of immigrant citizenship ascension. Canadian earnings evidence confirms the sizeable economic benefits of citizenship and a decomposition analysis attributes this benefit to self-selection, namely the more productive immigrants become Canadian citizens.     

The Immigration Triangle: Quebec, Canada, and the Rest of the World

As with many other immigrant destination areas, Quebec has experienced difficulty in retaining its original set of newcomers. This paper addresses the issue of retention in terms of a brain circulation model, under which immigrants enter a niche area (Quebec) and receive more subsidized human capital benefits in the form of education, language training, and skill certification than in any other province in Canada. The results suggest that a triangular migration model explains the internal migration decision for both the foreign-born and Canadian-born populations in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada.