排序方式: 共有4条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1
1.
P A Schiml M B Hennessy 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1990,104(3):283-288
Lactating guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and their litters were observed by videophotography across the light/dark cycle at 1, 11, 21, and 31 days postpartum. The highest level of behavioral activity was seen in the dark, particularly in the hour after light offset. This circadian pattern was evident from Day 1 in mothers and from Day 11 in pups. Contact between mothers and pups was inversely related to activity, occurring more frequently during light. Maternal grooming of pups occurred on Day 1 and then declined: self-grooming by pups increased across days. Intake of solid food and water by pups occurred on Day 1 and increased thereafter. A nearly complete transition from nursing to independent ingestion was observed between 21-31 days of age. Overall, we document several ontogenetic changes in young guinea pigs and demonstrate that under laboratory conditions mother and infant guinea pigs exhibit a nocturnal activity pattern. 相似文献
2.
Antidepressants, in particular newer agents, are among the most widely prescribed medications worldwide with annual sales
of billions of dollars. The introduction of these agents in the market has passed through seemingly strict regulatory control.
Over a thousand randomized trials have been conducted with antidepressants. Statistically significant benefits have been repeatedly
demonstrated and the medical literature is flooded with several hundreds of "positive" trials (both pre-approval and post-approval).
However, two recent meta-analyses question this picture. The first meta-analysis used data that were submitted to FDA for
the approval of 12 antidepressant drugs. While only half of these trials had formally significant effectiveness, published
reports almost ubiquitously claimed significant results. "Negative" trials were either left unpublished or were distorted
to present "positive" results. The average benefit of these drugs based on the FDA data was of small magnitude, while the
published literature suggested larger benefits. A second meta-analysis using also FDA-submitted data examined the relationship
between treatment effect and baseline severity of depression. Drug-placebo differences increased with increasing baseline
severity and the difference became large enough to be clinically important only in the very small minority of patient populations
with severe major depression. In severe major depression, antidepressants did not become more effective, simply placebo lost
effectiveness. These data suggest that antidepressants may be less effective than their wide marketing suggests. Short-term
benefits are small and long-term balance of benefits and harms is understudied. I discuss how the use of many small randomized
trials with clinically non-relevant outcomes, improper interpretation of statistical significance, manipulated study design,
biased selection of study populations, short follow-up, and selective and distorted reporting of results has built and nourished
a seemingly evidence-based myth on antidepressant effectiveness and how higher evidence standards, with very large long-term
trials and careful prospective meta-analyses of individual-level data may reach closer to the truth and clinically useful
evidence. 相似文献
3.
Mamta?Swaroop Sagar?C?Galwankar Stanislaw?PA?Stawicki Jayaraj?M?Balakrishnan Tamara?Worlton Ravi?S?Tripathi David?P?Bahner Sanjeev?Bhoi Colin?Kaide Thomas?J?PapadimosEmail author 《Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM》2014,9(1):8
INDUS-EM is India’s only level one conference imparting and exchanging quality knowledge in acute care. Specifically, in general and specialized emergency care and training in trauma, burns, cardiac, stroke, environmental and disaster medicine. It provides a series of exchanges regarding academic development and implementation of training tools related to developing future academic faculty and residents in Emergency Medicine in India. The INDUS-EM leadership and board of directors invited scholars from multiple institutions to participate in this advanced educational symposium that was held in Thrissur, Kerala in October 2013. 相似文献
4.
Schiml PA Douris N Isaac AC Rissman EF 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1999,113(1):85-90
The effects of testing condition on sexual behavior were examined in female musk shrews (Suncus murinus). Females were tested in 2 conditions, a pair test and a paced test. The pair test was similar to traditional sex test conditions in which the female and male are placed into the same chamber together until mating occurs. The paced condition allowed the female to leave the male's chamber and revisit him at will, thus "pacing" the interaction. Females displayed receptivity continuously for 14 days in both conditions. In the paced condition, females were less likely to become receptive within 30 min and mate to ejaculation. However, few additional differences were found between test conditions. Because this is the 1st experiment to use a pacing test paradigm in a species with induced ovulation, the authors speculate that the absence of pacing behavior during mating may be shown by other species that have induced ovulation. 相似文献
1