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Sigmon ST Pells JJ Edenfield TM Hermann BA Schartel JG Lamattina SM Boulard NE 《Behavior Therapy》2007,38(4):333-339
Despite overwhelming evidence that gender plays a significant role in the course of numerous psychological disorders, researchers have historically neglected to address gender similarities and differences in their research. Previous reviews of the psychological literature have indicated that personality, psychotherapy, and behavioral psychology journals have published few studies that focus on gender comparisons. The current review examined published articles in three prominent behavioral psychology journals—Behavior Therapy, Behavior Modification, and Behaviour Research and Therapy—from their inception through 2001. Raters coded each article (N = 4,635) for gender content in the title or abstract, analyses of gender differences, and discussion of gender. Overall, very few articles focused on gender content in the title, abstract, or discussion or analyzed data by gender. Implications of these results and suggestions for enhancing attention to gender comparisons are discussed. 相似文献
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Sandra T. Sigmon Jennifer J. Pells Nina E. Boulard Stacy Whitcomb-Smith Teresa M. Edenfield Barbara A. Hermann Stephanie M. LaMattina Janell G. Schartel Elizabeth Kubik 《Sex roles》2005,53(5-6):401-411
This study was designed to revisit the response bias hypothesis, which posits that gender differences in depression prevalence
rates may reflect a tendency for men to underreport depressive symptoms. In this study, we examined aspects of gender role
socialization (gender-related traits, socially desirable responding, beliefs about mental health and depression) that may
contribute to a response bias in self-reports of depression. In addition, we investigated the impact of two contextual variables
(i.e., cause of depression and level of intrusiveness of experimental follow-up) on self-reports of depressive symptoms. Results
indicated that men, but not women, reported fewer depressive symptoms when consent forms indicated that a more involved follow-up
might occur. Further, results indicated differential responding by men and women on measures of gender-related traits, mental
health beliefs, and beliefs about depression and predictors of depressed mood. Together, our results support the assertion
that, in specific contexts, a response bias explanation warrants further consideration in investigations of gender differences
in rates of self-reported depression. 相似文献
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Sandra T. Sigmon Anna G. Cassel Rachel F. S. Dawson Janell G. Schartel Lindsay R. Owings Geoffrey L. Thorpe 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2009,27(3):176-187
The impact of the changing seasons on mood and behavior (i.e., seasonality) has long been of interest to researchers. Recently,
researchers have begun to look beyond biological explanations to investigate psychological variables that may play a role
in the development of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and subsyndromal (S-SAD) levels of seasonality. Rumination, in particular,
has received initial support as a process that predicts more severe levels of winter depression. In the first study, we assessed
the effects of rumination, current weather conditions, current level of depression, and attitudes toward weather conditions
as predictors of seasonality. In addition to weather conditions, weather attitudes, and current depression, rumination emerged
as a significant predictor of seasonality in females but not for males. In the second study, we followed individuals categorized
as being high (S-SAD) and low in seasonality over time and assessed for depression at Time 1 and Time 2. Rumination, in addition
to current weather conditions and weather attitudes, emerged as a significant predictor of depression for females in the S-SAD
group. The results of these studies provide support for the role of rumination in seasonal depression, particularly for females.
This type of research may contribute to attempts to better explain gender differences in seasonal depression. 相似文献
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Sandra T. Sigmon Janell G. Schartel Nina E. Boulard Geoffrey L. Thorpe 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2010,28(1):42-56
Research suggests that depression has negative consequences on physical health. One of the mechanisms driving this link may
be the decrease in physical activity characteristic of individuals before and during a depressive episode. However, the factors
that influence changes in physical activity across the seasons remain unclear. For instance, weather has been proposed to
play an important role in the frequency of activities and enjoyment derived from them. In addition, research has not investigated
how weather variables influence activity levels across the seasons in individuals with seasonal versus nonseasonal depression.
The present study compared patterns of activity level and enjoyment in samples of women with seasonal and nonseasonal depression
and controls. Women with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and MDD with a seasonal pattern (Seasonal Affective Disorder, SAD)
reported similar patterns of activity; engaging in less frequent activity and deriving less enjoyment from activities than
controls across the entire year, most notably during the winter months. Women with SAD also reported being significantly impacted
by the weather such that their mood and energy levels increased with warmer temperatures an increased sunshine. Results suggest
that women with seasonal depression may be at similar health risks as women with nonseasonal depression and activity patterns
may have implications for behavioral activation treatments for depression. 相似文献
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Sandra T. Sigmon Janell G. Schartel Barbara A. Hermann Anna G. Cassel Geoffrey L. Thorpe 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2009,27(3):188-200
Given that premenstrual distress is reported by large numbers of women, research has focused on the identification of biological
and psychological factors that influence its severity. Previous research suggests that women who are high in anxiety sensitivity
also report greater levels of premenstrual distress and negative affect. According to the menstrual reactivity hypothesis,
women who have a tendency to self-focus and catastrophize about physical sensations are more likely to report greater levels
of premenstrual distress. Cognitive schemas surrounding the menstrual cycle develop that are influenced by gender roles, cultural
stereotypes, and expectations about bodily sensations. Another cognitive process, rumination, may also be linked to increased
reports of premenstrual distress. Conceptually, the constructs of anxiety sensitivity and rumination share the tendency to
self-focus on internal states. The goal of this study was to investigate how these two constructs relate to the prediction
of premenstrual distress in a large sample of healthy undergraduate women (N = 478). Using mediational modeling, support was found for a mediational model; women who reported high levels of rumination
and anxiety sensitivity reported the greatest premenstrual distress. These results are discussed within the framework of the
menstrual reactivity hypothesis, a diathesis-stress model of premenstrual distress. 相似文献
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Sigmon ST Pells JJ Schartel JG Hermann BA Edenfield TM LaMattina SM Boulard NE Whitcomb-Smith SR 《Behaviour research and therapy》2007,45(5):965-975
Stress, stress reactivity, and coping skill use were examined in individuals with seasonal depression, nonseasonal depression, and nondepressed controls. Although participants in the two depressed groups reported using more avoidance coping strategies than controls, only participants in the seasonal depressed group reported using more season-specific coping (i.e., light-related strategies) than participants in the nonseasonal depressed and control groups. Individuals in the seasonal depressed group also reporting using acceptance coping strategies less frequently than individuals in the control group. Only participants in the nonseasonal depressed group, however, exhibited greater psychophysiological arousal in reaction to a laboratory stressor (i.e., unsolvable anagram task) when compared to participants in the seasonal and nondepressed control groups. Participants in both depressed groups reported greater impact of negative life events during the past 6 months than did controls. Similarities and differences in the two types of depression may have implications for the conceptualization and treatment of seasonal depression. 相似文献
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Farthing MJ 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(1):41-52
Although authors are usually considered to be the main perpetrators of research and publication misconduct, any person involved in the process has the potential to offend. Editors may breach ethical standards particularly with respect to conflicts of interest. In the same way that authors are now required to declare competing interests, notably commercial affiliations, financial interests and personal connections, so must editors. Editors can influence the chances of acceptance or rejection of a paper by reviewer selection. Reviewers should also be ready to disclose conflicts of interest. They must ensure that their reviews are evidence based and free from destructive criticism driven by self interest. It seems likely that ultimately we will progressively move towards 'open' peer review in which both the authors and the reviewers are known to each other. There is an urgent need for increased transparency of the relationship between editors and owners. The events of the last few years indicate that unless this interface is fully understood by all parties, conflicts may arise. There is also a need for a radical overhaul in the relationship between journals, journal editors and the biomedical industry. It is now increasingly accepted that all clinical trials should be registered in a centrally held database and that protocols should include the primary and secondary outcome measures and the intended approach to data analysis thereby avoiding opportunistic post hoc analyses. However, the even more radical proposal that journals should cease to publish clinical trials sponsored by industry deserves wider debate. 相似文献
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