Book review

Gangbangs and Drive‐bys: Grounded Culture and Juvenile Gang Violence. By William B. Sanders, New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 1994, 198 pages. (ISBN 0–202–30536–8)     

Three Trope Theories

Universals are usually considered to be universal properties. Since tropes are particular properties, if there are only tropes, there are no universals. However, universals might be thought of not only as common properties, but also as common aspects (“determinable universals”) and common wholes (“concrete universals”). The existence of these two latter concepts of universals is fully compatible with the assumption that all properties are particular. This observation makes possible three different trope theories, which accept tropes and no universals, tropes and determinable universals and tropes and concrete universals.

Internalisation of Relations

Philosophia - The discussion about internal and external relations usually concerns what kind of relations exist. In this paper, I take up another question, namely whether external relations can...