Finding relations between systems of entities: a multivariate approach

A procedure to find out the relationship between systems of entities is described. The crux of the approach depends on projecting the systems to be compared on the same arbitrary hyperspace so that any two systems of entities can be related. The procedure described applies to data presented in square or rectangular non-singular matrices and provides a procedure to determine multiple regression coefficients, multiple correlations, canonical correlations and the relationships between the inner product of the row vectors and of the column vectors of the matrices involved. The operations described apply to raw values, deviation or standard scores, and may help in interdisciplinary research, though the risks involved in the blind application of a mathematical abstract formulation should not be ignored.     

The central intellective factor

Psychometrika - The proof of the existence of “g” is more than a methodological problem and concerns the very core of psychological theory. The principles of noegenesis should be...     

The law of comparative judgment in the successive intervals and graphic rating scale methods

The law of comparative judgment is applied to the successive intervals and graphic rating scale methods. A procedure for estimating the modal discriminal process and discriminal dispersion of the stimuli, as well as the value of the boundaries of the intervals on the continuum, is given. From the estimated values it is possible to determine the theoretical proportions and to compare them with the actual experimental proportions. The agreement between these values is an indication of the adequacy of the assumptions made.     

Note on matrices of random numbers

The statistical and structural characteristics of 13 matrices of random numbers in which both the cells and the entries were randomly chosen are discussed. Each matrix was explored considering row means, standard deviations, and correlations as well as column means, standard deviations, and correlations. A study concerning the sequential arrangement of digits was performed by finding out in tables of random numbers how many times the values 0 to 9 are followed by any other digit. Analyses indicate clear factor structures when factor analyzing correlations of rows and of columns and when examining sequential arrangements, concluding that for a given set of digits it is possible to assert both randomness and nonrandomness depending on how the data are examined.     

LOGICAL STRUCTURES AND LANGUAGES IN THINKING PROCESSES1

L'auteur pense qu'il serait possible de pousser plus à fond L'étude des processus de pensée si L'on spécifiait la structure logique et le mode de présentation (langage) des instruments expérimentaux utilisés. Une série de 20 problèmes a été conçue selon ces exigences, et administrée à 150 adultes des deux sexes. Parmi ces 20 problèmes, il y en a 16 qui correspondent à 4 structures logiques et 4 langages différents. Les sujets résolvent ces problèmes en posant des questions: ces questions définissent la tactique des sujets. Les tactiques sont notées d'après la quantité d'information demandée, la redondance, le nombre de questions posées, les inversions dans L'ordre séquentiel des questions, et les questions non pertinentes. Quelques détails sont donnés sur les propriétés du système de notation utilisé; celui-ci dépend de la structure logique des problèmes. On procède à une analyse de variance pour chacun des quatre problèmes isomorphes, construits selon la même structure, mais présentés dans quatre langages différents. Une analyse factorielle a été réalisée qui permet d'identifier nettement les facteurs qui dépendent du langage utilisé pour des problèmes de structure différente et les facteurs qui sont liés aux caractéristiques de la structure utilisée. L'auteur propose une classification des langages selon leurs propriétés. Il évoque le problème de L'interaction entre langage et structure logique, qui pourrait être traité dans des recherches ultérieures. Il discute les avantages qu'on obtient en analysant la tactique des sujets plutôt que leur réponse finale.     

From randomness to stability

The present study describes how the association between randomly chosen variables changes at the successive steps of temporal processes to converge into stable values as suggested by I. Prigogine. To generalize the results to any specific area so results may be applied to concrete problems in different sciences, randomly chosen matrices of random numbers were successively multiplied to generate temporal sequences that before reaching stability had different number of steps. Our results indicate that the obtained poliphasic stability is irreversible.     

Intra- and intercultural comparisons of the personality profiles of medical students in Argentina and the United States

This study was designed to compare the personality profiles of medical students in Argentina and the United States. The ultimate purpose of the research was to study the value of personality measures in predicting academic and professional performances. Participants were 421 medical students in Argentina (254 women, 167 men) and 623 medical students in the United States (207 women, 416 men). Eight personality measures were administered: Perception of Stressful Life Events, Test Anxiety, General Anxiety, Loneliness, Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, Extraversion, and Neuroticism. Intracultural comparisons showed some minor gender differences in personality profiles within each culture (e.g., in the United States, women scored higher than men on the Perception of Stressful Life Events and General Anxiety scales, and in Argentina, women scored higher on the Test Anxiety scale). Intercultural comparisons of personality profiles showed that Argentine medical students obtained higher average scores than did their American counterparts on the Perception of Stressful Life Events, Test Anxiety, General Anxiety, External Locus of Control, Extraversion, and Neuroticism scales. Argentine students scored lower on the Loneliness scale than did their American counterparts. Psychometric findings supported the measurement properties of the personality measures in the two cultures (e.g., construct validity, and internal consistency aspect of reliability). Further study of the implications of the findings in predicting academic attainment in medical school and to physician performance is recommended.