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This conceptual paper considers the role of culture in shaping family, professional, and community understanding of developmental
disabilities and their treatments. The meanings of health, illness, and disability vary greatly across cultures and across
time. We use Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model to provide a theoretical framework for examining disability, with special attention
to autism spectrum disorders. Cultural beliefs about the cause of a disorder influence families’ decision-making about what
treatments to use and what outcomes to expect. Autism provides an example that is especially challenging, as there is no agreed-upon
cause. Also, an overwhelming array of treatments is available in the West for autism, including behavioral, cognitive, pharmaceutical,
sensory, relational, vitamin, and diet therapies. Other cultures contribute additional views on cause (e.g., Karma, Allah’s will) and treatments (e.g., acupuncture, herbal medicines, Ayurveda). We suggest how a broad cultural view can help us understand treatments and the treatment delivery system of a nation and
a culture. For the best course of care, professionals need to understand and respect families’ views of autism and work toward
mutually agreeable treatments that may involve a combination of biomedical and cultural practices. Although a family-focused,
open teamwork model that aims to acknowledge the context of the child, take into consideration the strengths and limitations
of the child and the family, and introduce appropriate, sustainable, and sensitive interventions is regarded as best practice
in the United States, it will take sensitive work to find out whether it will suit other cultural groups across the world. 相似文献
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Goals,Values, and Beliefs as Predictors of Achievement and Effort in High School Mathematics Classes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Greene Barbara A. Debacker Teresa K. Ravindran Bhuvaneswari Krows A. Jean 《Sex roles》1999,40(5-6):421-458
Gender and motivation in high school mathematicsclass were examined by using an expectancy-valueframework. There were 366 students (146 males, 212females)from a school with an enrollmentof approximately 1900 students (81% Caucasian, 8% NativeAmerican, 5% Hispanic, 4% African American, and 2%Asian). These students completed a questionnaireconsisting of 92 items which measured students'situation-specific goals (4 subscales), task-specific values (3subscales), task-specific beliefs (3 subscales), andgender self-schemata (2 subscales). Students' percentagegrade in math and selfreported effort in math class were the dependent variables. The three sets oftask-specific variables each accounted for between 11%and 14% of variance in achievement, while the genderself-schemata variables contributed another 2%. Task-specific goals were much strongerpredictors of effort than any other set of variables. Anunexpected finding was that, for both males and females,endorsing the stereotype that mathematics is a male domain was negatively related to reportedeffort. There were also differences in the prediction ofachievement and effort based on gender and math classtype (required or elective). Several path models supported these results. 相似文献
3.
Nandini Kumar G. D. Ravindran A. Bhan J. S. Srivastava V. M. Nair 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2008,6(4):295-303
This article featuring India constitutes one of five articles in a collection of essays on local capacity-building in research
ethics by graduates from the University of Toronto’s Joint Centre for Bioethics MHSc in Bioethics, International Stream program
funded by the Fogarty International Center for Advanced Study in the Health Sciences. Research ethics is a growing area of
work and interest in India. Ethics review remains the weakest component in the mechanism of good clinical practice, and there
is a severe dearth of professionals trained in ethics who can provide leadership. Although the Indian Good Clinical Practice
Guidelines, the Indian Medical Council Act, and the Drugs and Cosmetics Act require that the Indian Council of Medical Research’s
ethical guidelines be followed as a mandatory requirement for physicians who conduct research, there is a pervasive lack of
awareness of basic requirements guiding the ethical conduct of research. There is a great need to strengthen India’s research
ethics capacity and regulatory framework for research. 相似文献
4.
We compared the original deck-based model of advantageous decision making assessed with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) with a trial-based approach across behavioral and physiological outcomes in 33 younger adults (15 men, 18 women; 22.2 ± 3.7 years of age). One administration of the IGT with simultaneous measurement of skin conductance responses (SCRs) was performed and the two methods applied: (a) the original approach of subtracting disadvantageous picks of Decks A and B from advantageous picks of Decks C and D and (b) a trial-based approach focused on the financial outcome for each deck leading up to the trial in question. When directly compared, the deck-based approach resulted in a more advantageous behavioral profile than did the trial-based approach. Analysis of SCR data revealed no significant differences between methods for physiological measurements of SCR fluctuations or anticipatory responses to disadvantageous picks. Post hoc investigation of the trial-based method revealed Deck B contributed to both advantageous and disadvantageous decision making for the majority of participants. When divided by blocks of 20, the number of advantageous to disadvantageous choices reversed as the task progressed despite the total number of picks from Deck B remaining high. SCR fluctuations for Deck B, although not significantly different from the other decks, did show a sharp decline after the first block of 20 and remained below levels for Decks C and D toward the end of the task, suggesting that participants may have gained knowledge of the frequency of loss for this deck. 相似文献
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Geri M. Lotze Neeraja Ravindran Barbara J. Myers 《Journal of child and family studies》2010,19(6):702-713
Children with incarcerated mothers are at high risk for developing problem behaviors. Fifty children (6–12 years; 62% girls)
participated in summer camps, along with adult mentors. Regression analyses of child and adult measures of child’s emotion
self-regulation and callous-unemotional traits, and a child measure of moral emotions, showed that poor emotion regulation,
along with low levels of guilt and high levels of shame, predicted children’s externalizing behaviors, while only low levels
of guilt predicted a unique subset of child characteristics called callous-unemotional traits. Children who experienced healthy
guilt for misdeeds were better able to control their behavior. Adults noted the ability of children with callous/unemotional
traits to manage and regulate their emotions, while poor emotion regulation was more predictive of the cluster of externalizing
problems. Discussion focuses on prevention efforts aimed at teaching emotion self-regulation and the implications of the high
levels of callous-unemotional traits in this population of children. 相似文献
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