算命者--倒霉鬼的制造者

这些年来算命风甚盛,据我的观察算命的大抵有三类人。 一是文化水平低的。此类人有官员、企业家、教师。虽是管人的人,可是科技知识太差了,连有神没神都分不清,都信着命由天定,上有神明。于是要升官的、     

青春期青年的心理卫生

青春期面临着不断增加的一系列问题,这些问题导致了许多青年的情绪紧张。在青年行为表现的许多方面,儿童早期遇到的困难和挫折对青年的影响是明显的.而且作为即将成为成年人的青年,他们的需要和责任感正日益接近于成年人。在这个领域进行研究的一位学者把青春期心理卫生问题罗列为以下八方面: 一、从父、母亲监护中获得自由;二、对合理使用闲暇时间的指导;三、异性之间的关系;四、与同伴间的一般社会性顺应;五、智力的成熟;六、职业选择和经济上的责任感;七、情绪的成     

Spontaneous covariations of movement parameters in 5- to 7-year-old boys

The kinematic parameters of to and fro forearm movements in the horizontal plane were investigated in 5- to 7-year-old boys. In one condition, the period of the movements was induced by an acoustic stimulus, while the amplitude was left free. In a second condition, the amplitude of the swing was suggested by a visual frame, but the movement was self-paced. In both conditions, the unconstrained variable (amplitude and period, respectively) was found to covary spontaneously with the constrained variable. The results suggest that, within the age range considered here, motor control processes do not conceive of amplitude and velocity as two independent variables.     

Children's choice: Sensitivity to changes in reinforcer density

Two experiments were carried out in which children's sensitivity to changes in reinforcer density (number of reinforcers per session) was measured in a choice paradigm. In Experiment 1, 24 girls (ages 6, 9, and 12 years) performed on concurrent-chain schedules of reinforcement. The initial links were variable-interval 10-s schedules. One terminal link always gave three tokens after 30 s, but the parameters associated with the other were varied. Independent manipulations of reinforcer size (two tokens or four tokens) and prereinforcement delay (25 s or 65 s) led to equal changes in the relative density of tokens that could be earned on the schedules. Subjects at all ages were sensitive to changes in reinforcer density brought about by changes in reinforcer size, whereas only 3 12-year-olds showed sensitivity to the changes brought about by manipulation of prereinforcer delay. In Experiment 2, titration procedures were used to test the extent of this insensitivity to delay in 32 6- and 12-year-old children. In these procedures, a repeated choice of the large reinforcer increased the delay to its delivery, and a repeated choice of the small reinforcer reduced the delay to the delivery of the large reinforcer. Whereas 6-year-old boys and girls tended to maintain a strong preference for the large reinforcer, so increasing the delay to its delivery, 12-year-olds tended to distribute their responses to both alternatives, thus producing a stable level of delay to the large reinforcer. The results from the two experiments support the idea of two stages in the development of adaptive intertemporal choice.     

Contributions of elicitation to measures of self-control

Pigeons' not pecking or pecking constituted choice between a delayed, large reinforcer and an immediate, small reinforcer (self-control) and at other times between a delayed reinforcer and no reinforcer (omission). Both a tone and a keylight were tested as choice signals, and the delayed reinforcer was either response independent or response dependent. Pigeons pecked during the choice signals on over 95% of the trials in the self-control procedure, and pecked during the choice signals on over 75% of the trials in the omission procedure. Consistent pecking was observed with either the tone or the keylight as a choice signal, with the exception that a tone paired with a response-independent delayed reinforcer did not maintain pecking in the omission procedure. Pigeons pecked during more choice signals when delayed reinforcers were response dependent than when the delayed reinforcers were response independent. These results indicate that Pavlovian conditioning influences self-control experiments, especially in single-key procedures.     

休谟论道德判断

有些哲学家十分强调道德,他们似乎非常真诚地认为,善是个庄严而崇高的主题,追求善是个鼓舞人心的终生事业。例如康德和卢梭就是这样。康德谈论人类本质高尚方面的崇高性,谈论人类崇敬道德律的崇高性,这是十分自然的。他说道:“义务!崇高而非凡的名词。”但是,休谟的意见与此截然不同。     

毕生发展心理学——论生长和衰退的动力学

一、毕生发展心理学概述毕生发展心理学有两个中心的命题。第一,毕生的发展不是一个单一的,均匀的过程,由于一些变化或运动的累加而增长。相反,从生命伊始直至老年,它一直包含着生长(获得)和衰退(丧失)之间复杂而相互联结的动力学。第二,以年龄为依据的发展框架是不适当的,因为在导致人的发展的大量因素中,有许多同历龄并没有牢固联系。这些与年龄无