成人日常问题解决的老化研究

日常问题解决能力是近十几年来老年心理学中研究比较活跃的一个领域。本文介绍了有关日常问题解决研究的四种理论,即心理测量的智力内隐理论、形式后思维的辨证思维理论、信息加工理论和社会认知与智慧理论,及其初步的研究成果,并进一步指出在理论上整合和在实践中开展干预的研究方向。     

Stereotypic and nonstereotypic sex role trait and behavior orientations, gender identity, and psychological adjustment

This study examines the relations among sex role trait and behavior orientations, gender identity, and psychological adjustment in order to test traditional and contemporary perspectives regarding the adjustment implications of stereotypic and nonstereotypic sex role trait and behavior orientations. Measures of sex role personality traits and behaviors and scales assessing depression, anxiety, and social maladjustment were administered to 235 college men and women. In addition, subjects completed measures of gender identity and gender adequacy. Contrary to traditional perspectives, androgynous men and women and cross-sex-typed women were no less well adjusted than sex-typed individuals. However, consistent with traditional perspectives, men who were low in masculine characteristics (and men and women low in both masculine and feminine characteristics) did appear less well adjusted on measures of depression, anxiety, and social maladjustment. Furthermore, low masculinity men had less secure gender identities. No such gender identity disturbances were found in women.     

Development of a short-form Sex Role Behavior Scale

This article describes the construction of a short-form of the Sex Role Behavior Scale (SRBS). The SRBS is a self-report inventory that samples the interest/behavior domain of sex roles comprehensively. It consists of male-valued (M), female-valued (F), and sex-specific (MF) interests and behaviors in four areas: leisure activity preferences; vocational interests; social interaction; and marital, or primary relationship, behaviors. We administered the SRBS to 411 college men and women along with measures of sex role personality traits and attitudes. Items were selected from the SRBS for inclusion in the short form. We examined male-female differences on the short-form scales, internal consistency, intercorrelations among the scales, and relations of the short-form scales with the long form and with measures of sex role traits and attitudes. The results indicate that the short-form SRBS is a satisfactory substitute for the lengthy inventory from which it was drawn. However, limited internal consistency for some of the separate behavior area subscales suggests that the short form is most suitable for global assessments of sex role interests/behaviors, whereas the long form is more appropriate when more specific assessments are required in the separate interest/behavior areas represented on the SRBS.