Knowledge Acquisition and Conceptual Change

Dans cet article, je soutiens qu'il est fructueux de penser les réseaux conceptuels en termes de théorie et les processus d'acquisition des connaissances en termes d'articulation ou de restructuration de ces théories. La recherche que mes collègues et moi-même avons entreprise montre que la restructuration d'une connaissance antérieure se fait habituellement lentement et graduellement et qu'elle implique la réinterprétation de certaines croyances que les individus élaborent à partir de leur expérience quotidienne. Pour aider à la restructuration, une formation devrait faire prendre conscience aux étudiants de leurs convictions préétablies et leur proposer un cadre de référence différent en remplacement du celui qu'ils ont construit à partir de leur expérience personnelle.
In this paper I argue that it makes sense to think of conceptual structures as theories, and of the process of knowledge acquisition as the articulation or restructuring of these theories. The research that my colleagues and I have undertaken shows that the restructuring of prior knowledge is usually achieved in a slow and gradual fashion, and that it requires the reinterpretation of certain beliefs, which individuals construct on the basis of their everyday experience. In order to promote restructuring, instruction should aim at making students aware of their entrenched beliefs and at providing them with a different explanatory framework to replace the one they have constructed on the basis of their phenomenal experience.     

The effects of baby bath and massage by fathers on the family system: The sunraysia australia intervention project

Instruction in baby massage and the Burleigh Relaxation Bath technique was given to one-half of our sample of 32 couples who had just had their first child. This brief intervention, given at 4 weeks post-partum, led to beneficial behavioural and psychological effects for the family system when assessed at 12 weeks postpartum. Depression and marital satisfaction were assessed with mothers and fathers at 4 weeks and 12 weeks after the birth of their child, and self-esteem was measured at 12 weeks only. The mothers and fathers who were shown baby bathing and massage techniques showed higher degrees of marital satisfaction and self-esteem, as well as lower levels of depression at 12 weeks post-partum, than parents who did not receive instruction. It seems likely that brief interventions which educate new parents concerning functional techniques of baby care may favourably affect their feelings of competence and be of benefit to the entire family system.     

A systematical approach to Leibniz's theory of relations and relational sentences

I am grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung for support during the years 1983–84 in which I worked by the Leibniz-Forschungsstelle at Münster collecting the materials for the present essay.     

Psicologismo Logico E Logiche Psicologistiche

Questi temi sono stati discussi con Liliana Albertazzi, Luigi Dappiano, Roberto Poli, cui va il mio ringraziamento per le osservazioni e i suggerimenti.     

Introduction

Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics -     

Mental models of the earth, sun, and moon: Indian children's cosmologies

This study reports data on the acquisition of knowledge about astronomy in children from India. Based on prior research, we hypothesized that the cosmological models that children construct are influenced by both first-order and second-order constraints on knowledge acquisition. First-order constraints are the implicit assumptions that govern the construction of initial cosmological models. Examples of such constraints include the assumptions that the earth is flat and supported. Such first-order constraints are presumed to be universal. Second-order constraints arise from the specific properties ascribed to cosmological objects. For example, representations of the earth's shape and location relative to the sun and moon constrain the kinds of mechanisms that are generated to account for the day-night cycle. We hypothesized that in cultures where both folk cosmologies and the scientific cosmological model are accessible to children, aspects of folk models are likely to be incorporated in children's cosmologies if they provide a psychologically easier way of satisfying first-order constraints. This hypothesis is supported by our findings with regard to universality and culture specificity in children's cosmologies. Indian children's cosmologies honor a variety of universal first-order constraints. These include constraints on the shape of the earth (e.g., support and flatness) and on the relative locations and motions of objects in the cosmology (e.g., continuity). However, many Indian children borrow the idea that the earth is supported by an ocean or a body of water from folk cosmology. This solution to the support constraint on the shape of the earth is not found in American children's initial cosmologies.     

Drawing inferences from semantically positive and negative implicative predicates

Subjects were timed while they drew inferences from syntactically affirmative and negative sentences containing the semantically positive and negative implicative predicates remember/forget and bother/neglect, under different linguistic contexts that met the presuppositions of the sentences at varying levels of generality. Different patterns of inference latencies were obtained for the two implicative predicates studied, suggesting that there are important differences among semantically negative implicative predicates that influence their representation and processing. Regardless of these differences, inference latencies for all sentences decreased when they were presented in contexts that met some of their presuppositions, indicating that context can facilitate inferential processing.     

Representations and narratives during pregnancy

In this paper, we explore how maternal representations, and in particular their contents, are structured during pregnancy. Twenty-three primiparous women were recruited for participation in a longitudinal study about mothers' thoughts and feelings about their infants. A semistructured interview was conducted with each of the subjects in the third trimester of pregnancy. During the interview, subjects were also given five adjective lists based on the semantic differential model. Results from this sample indicate similarities in the content-free aspects of representations of self and baby, but differences in the content of these presentations. Implications of these results are discussed with regard to the construction of an internal representation of the child in the third trimester of pregnancy.