Integrated circuit measurement of skin conductance

An active skin-conductance measuring device, utilizing integrated circuit operational amplifiers, is described. The transducer offers accurate measurement despite fluctuations in source voltage. The circuit also provides protection in case of accidental short circuit.     

Mixing location-relevant and location-irrelevant choice-reaction tasks: influences of location mapping on the Simon effect

The Simon effect refers to the finding that reaction times are faster when stimulus and response locations correspond than when they do not in tasks where stimulus location is defined as irrelevant. The authors examined the Simon effect for situations in which location-irrelevant trials were intermixed with trials for which stimulus location was relevant. Compatible mapping of the location-relevant trials enhanced the Simon effect relative to an unmixed condition, whereas incompatible mapping reversed the Simon effect. The reversal with incompatible mapping remained evident when task uncertainty was removed by use of a precue and was larger than the reversed effect produced by making incongruent trials more frequent than congruent trials. This result suggests that both attentional biases and task-defined associations contribute to the reversal of the Simon effect.     

Mixing incompatibly mapped location-relevant trials with location-irrelevant trials: effects of stimulus mode on the reverse Simon effect

When location-relevant trials with an incompatible spatial stimulus-response mapping are mixed with location-irrelevant trials, responses on the latter trials are faster when stimulus and response locations do not correspond than when they do. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that this reverse “Simon effect” also occurs when the location information is presented verbally or symbolically on both location-relevant and location-irrelevant trials. The reversal was absent, however, in conditions of Experiments 1–3 in which the mode of presentation was different on the location-relevant trials than on the location-irrelevant trials. Experiment 4 demonstrated that differences in physical characteristics between the location-relevant and location-irrelevant stimuli were not sufficient to eliminate the reverse Simon effect. These findings imply that the short-term associations between stimulus location information and responses defined for the location-relevant task are relatively mode specific. Received: 21 December 1999 / Accepted: 26 April 2000     

An inexpensive variable time period integrator for electromyographic signals

It is frequently desirable for clinical researchers to have some means of precisely quantifying average levels of electromyographic signals over a series of finite time periods. This paper presents the design and development of an inexpensive variable time period integrator that can be adapted to most commercially available electromyograph equipment. The prototype instrument was found to give precise readings in the order of l%–2% accuracy when adjusted to specification.     

Children’s Judgments of Cultural Expertise: The Influence of Cultural Status and Learning Method

The authors investigated children’s use of cultural status (i.e., foreign vs. American) and learning method to evaluate informants’ expertise in novel cultural practices. Ninety-six 6- to 9-year-olds heard about a foreign informant (i.e., member of an unfamiliar out-group) and an American informant (i.e., member of the participant’s in-group) who each learned about a novel cultural practice differently (i.e., from a person vs. from a book). Participants decided which informant executed the cultural practice better, which informant they would prefer to learn from, and which learning method they would want to use themselves (i.e., learning method preference). Overall, participants endorsed foreign informants over American informants and foreign informants who learned from a person were generally viewed as the preferred option for imparting information in this context. These findings suggest that during the transition to middle childhood, learning context is an important influence on children’s evaluations of cultural identity and learning methods.     

Authors and publication practices

Although authors are usually considered to be the main perpetrators of research and publication misconduct, any person involved in the process has the potential to offend. Editors may breach ethical standards particularly with respect to conflicts of interest. In the same way that authors are now required to declare competing interests, notably commercial affiliations, financial interests and personal connections, so must editors. Editors can influence the chances of acceptance or rejection of a paper by reviewer selection. Reviewers should also be ready to disclose conflicts of interest. They must ensure that their reviews are evidence based and free from destructive criticism driven by self interest. It seems likely that ultimately we will progressively move towards 'open' peer review in which both the authors and the reviewers are known to each other. There is an urgent need for increased transparency of the relationship between editors and owners. The events of the last few years indicate that unless this interface is fully understood by all parties, conflicts may arise. There is also a need for a radical overhaul in the relationship between journals, journal editors and the biomedical industry. It is now increasingly accepted that all clinical trials should be registered in a centrally held database and that protocols should include the primary and secondary outcome measures and the intended approach to data analysis thereby avoiding opportunistic post hoc analyses. However, the even more radical proposal that journals should cease to publish clinical trials sponsored by industry deserves wider debate.