Passion and Vulnerability: Clinical Practice and Witnessing in a Wounded Reality: Discussion of Articles by Eldad Iddan and Rita Karuna Cahn

The two articles discussed allow a magnifying glass on the inevitable intertwining of the personal and the political in our offices and beyond. The articles highlight the vulnerability and risks incurred by the therapist who passionately attempts to engage or to witness a wounded reality. It is argued that there is an ambiguity inherent in the attempt to provide a haven and a safe place for our patients while recognizing the inability and the costs of sealing off our offices and our psyches from this wounded world. Similarly, there is a paradox in passionately witnessing suffering in a reality of shifting perpetrator-victim positions. There are no simple solutions to these paradoxes, but living within them means accepting that the vulnerability and risks that define our existence in a wounded reality, constantly intrude our offices, and constitute part of our work. Overarching implications are suggested.     

From Campers to Counselors: a Resource for Prospective Genetic Counseling Students

When thinking about the future of the genetic counseling field, one place to start is with prospective genetic counseling graduate school applicants. Although resources and mentorship opportunities exist for genetic counselors entering the field, the process of deciding on a career, applying to graduate programs, and being admitted can be daunting. As members of the profession, we should take responsibility for ensuring that individuals have the information and resources necessary to make an educated decision about whether genetic counseling is the correct path for them and to take the initial steps along this path. In this article, we present our Genetic Counseling Boot Camp as a model for other genetic counselors to use in developing their own local programs. This type of program can benefit prospective genetic counselors as they begin their professional journeys and can also provide value for the organizers and presenters who are already seasoned in the field.     

Imitation in Japanese quail: The role of reinforcement of demonstrator responding

Imitative learning has been difficult to demonstrate in animals, partly because techniques have not adequately ruled out alternative accounts based on motivational and perceptual mechanisms (Zentall, 1996). Recently, it has been proposed that differences in the effects of observation of two very different responsetopographies would rule out such artifactual, alternative accounts (Akins & Zentall, 1996). In the present research, we confirmed that strong evidence for imitation can be found in Japanese quail, and that such imitation requires the imitator’s observation ofreinforced responding by the demonstrator. Thus, under the present conditions, it appears that an observer will imitate a demonstrated responseonly if it also observes the appetitive consequences of that response.     

A dot that went for a walk: People prefer lines drawn with human-like kinematics

A dominant theory of embodied aesthetic experience (Freedberg & Gallese, 2007, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 197) posits that the appreciation of visual art is linked to the artist’s movements when creating the artwork, yet a direct link between the kinematics of drawing actions and the aesthetics of drawing outcomes has not been experimentally demonstrated. Across four experiments, we measured aesthetic responses of students from arts and non-arts backgrounds to drawing movements generated from computational models of human writing. Experiment 1 demonstrated that human-like drawing movements with bell-shaped velocity profiles (Sigma Lognormal [SL] and Minimum Jerk [MJ]) are perceived as more natural and pleasant than movements with a uniform profile, and in both Experiments 1 and 2 movements that were perceived as more natural were also preferred. Experiment 3 showed that this effect persists if lower-level dynamic stimulus features are fully matched across experimental and control conditions. Furthermore, aesthetic preference for human-like movements were associated with greater perceptual fluency in Experiment 3, evidenced by unbiased estimations of the duration of natural movements. In Experiment 4, line drawings with visual features consistent with the dynamics of natural, human-like movements were preferred, but only by art students. Our findings directly link the aesthetics of human action to the visual aesthetics of drawings, but highlight the importance of incorporating artistic expertise into embodied accounts of aesthetic experience.     

Comparing resetting to non‐resetting DRO procedures to reduce stereotypy in a child with autism

We compared a resetting to a non‐resetting differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) procedure to reduce stereotypy exhibited by young boy with autism. During the resetting DRO, a reinforcer was delivered contingent upon the absence of stereotypy during the DRO interval. If stereotypy occurred, the DRO interval was immediately reset. The non‐resetting DRO procedure was identical, except that contingent upon stereotypy, the DRO interval continued until it expired; a new DRO interval then began. Results indicate that the DRO procedures were equally effective to reduce stereotypy, but the participant preferred the resetting DRO procedure.     

The Topography of Sexually Conditioned Behaviour: Effects of a Trace Interval

In a trace conditioning procedure, subjects were presented with a 30-sec conditioned stimulus (CS) followed by a 30-sec trace interval. Delayed conditioning consisted of a 60-sec CS presentation followed by an unconditioned stimulus (US). Although conditioning developed with both procedures, the topography of the conditioned response differed. Sexual conditioned approach was evident in all of the subjects during the presentation of the CS. Traceconditioned subjects moved away from the area where the CS had been presented during the trace interval but remained closer to the CS location than did an unpaired control. This reduction in the spatial specificity of the conditioned response was interpreted from a behaviour systems perspective. The trace interval presumably increased the perceived separation between the CS and the US and therefore elicited conditioned behaviour less specifically directed towards the CS.     

Genetic Counseling and Testing for FSHD (Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy) in the Israeli Population

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), is a dominantly inherited, late onset, progressive disease. At present, no treatment or prevention of symptoms are available. There is considerable clinical variability, even within families. The gene whose defect causes FSHD has not been identified, but molecular diagnosis can be made by analyzing D4Z4 repeat length on chromosome 4q35. The results can support or rule out the clinical diagnosis of FSHD, but there are also "gray zone", non-conclusive results. During the years 2000-6, 66 individuals (including 7 asymptomatic individuals), were tested in our institute for D4Z4 repeat number. In 77% of the cases the results were conclusive: two thirds of them supported a diagnosis of FSHD while in a third this diagnosis was ruled out. In 23% the results were in the gray zone. Cognitive involvement was rare, occurring only when the D4Z4 repeat size was very small (<15 kb). Maximal utilization of the existing molecular test for FSHD demands detailed clinical and family pedigree information. We recommend that comprehensive genetic counseling always be given before and after molecular testing for FSHD, in addition to the neurological follow-up. Presymptomatic testing should only be offered when complete molecular evaluation can be offered, including 4qA and 4qB variant analysis.     

Introduction to Margalit's Paper and Aron's Discussion: Contextualizing Memory and Nostalgia

The paper “Nostalgia” by Avishai Margalit and Lew Aron's discussion of it, which were the opening papers for the IARPP 2009 conference in Tel-Aviv, explicate the complex nature of memory and its ethical and relational components. Margalit explores the evaluative and ethical dimensions of memory in the private and collective spheres, describing “good” and “bad” nostalgia, and Aron brings Margalit's arguments to a meeting with psychoanalytic ideas of the transformative as well as defensive functions of memory and of “lived memory.”