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Stein BD Jaycox LH Kataoka S Rhodes HJ Vestal KD 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2003,6(4):247-264
Emerging as one of the most significant health issues facing American youth today, child and adolescent exposure to community violence has generated much interest across multiple disciplines. Most research to date has focused on documenting the prevalence of community violence and the emotional and behavioral ramifications. This paper provides an overview of the current literature regarding prevalence of youth exposure to community violence, and identifies those areas where further research is warranted. In addition to examining overall rates of community violence exposure, this paper reviews the prevalence of different types of community violence, such as weapon use, physical aggression, and crime-related events. Predictors of community violence exposure, including gender, age, race, socioeconomic status, behavior patterns, and geography, are discussed. 相似文献
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In a laboratory study, 318 student participants (148 male, 169 female, and one who did not report sex; M age 25.0, SD = 6.0) in introductory organizational behavior classes responded to scenarios in which performance appraisal resulted in either employee promotion or termination. Each scenario had varying levels of three procedural justice criteria for performance appraisal. For both promotion and termination outcomes, analysis showed that, as the number of criteria increased, perceptions of procedural fairness increased. A comparison between the two outcomes showed that perceptions of fairness were significantly stronger for the promotion outcome than for termination. 相似文献
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In the present study, we investigated the effects of surrounding frames on visual search for line orientation. Every line item presented in the display was surrounded by a square frame of identical size and orientation. The orientations of the frames, as well as those of the target and distractor lines, were either vertical or tilted. In six experiments, the surrounding frames caused substantial changes in search efficiency for vertical targets and for tilted targets. The search asymmetry between the two types of targets was reversed when the frame was tilted at the same angle as the tilted line. Several variations of the frames (a pair of parallel lines, squares with gaps, and squares with circular contours inside) also changed search efficiency significantly. Taken together, these results imply that three different sources contribute to frame effects: distractor roles played by the frame components, orientation contrast from the frame contour, and interference in local orientation processing (Hayward & Burke, 2000). Implications of the present findings are discussed in reference to rod-and-frame effects (Witkin & Asch, 1948) and to the effects of a large frame surrounding an entire display of lines (Marendaz, 1998; Treisman, 1985). 相似文献
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Sheryl Kataoka Audra Langley Bradley Stein Lisa Jaycox Lily Zhang Norma Sanchez Marleen Wong 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(3):334-341
Although Latinos have been a rapidly growing population in the US, little is known about how mental health symptoms may present
in Latino children especially in the context of those living in poverty and exposed to violence. We explored the level of
violence exposure and trauma symptoms in Latino youth and the relationship of these factors with English language fluency.
During 2000–2002, 1,601, Latino students from seven middle schools participated in a school-based screening to identify students
with exposure to community violence and symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The students completed a self-report
instrument, in either Spanish or English, that combined a modified version of the Life Events Scale and the Child PTSD Symptom
Scale (CPSS). Bivariate analyses and multivariate regression models showed that youth with higher English language fluency
reported greater violence exposure and PTSD symptoms than those with lower fluency. No difference was found in functioning
by English language fluency. English language fluency appears to be related to violence exposure and PTSD symptoms in these
Latino youth. We discuss the importance of school-based programs especially designed to serve Latino students of varying English
language fluency. 相似文献
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This study aimed to clarify the contextual effect in evaluation of the pleasantness of beverages. Participants were presented a test stimulus and were then asked to rate how much they liked it before and after presentation of a contextual stimulus. Specifically, after participants were exposed to a less palatable beverage, they evaluated the test beverage as being more palatable than when their judgment of a test drink occurred after presentation of a neutral or palatable beverage (a positive contrast effect). This contextual effect can be explained by the reasoning that participants were affectively adapted to the palatability (less palatable) of a less palatable stimulus after repeated exposure; thus, they evaluated the test stimulus as more palatable. This study suggests that the evaluated value of the contextual stimuli affects evaluation of the test stimulus. The authors also suggest that these context effects are probably found in everyday life. 相似文献
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