The Use of Behavior Contracts in Employability Development Planning

The counseling procedure of the behavior contract is suggested for the enhancement of the employability development plan. Some of the difficulties associated with the use of employability development planning, such as lack of motivation for completion, can be dealt with successfully by incorporation of a behavioral contract. Specific behaviors and responsibilities are defined and appropriate reinforcements are applied in a combined approach. Although this type of planning may require some examination of the two processes for full use within a manpower program, the end result appears to be a more effective use of manpower programs. The article examines employability development planning and behavior contracts and discusses their possible use by counselors.     

跨文化研究方法的回顾及展望

文化现象是行为科学关注的重要课题, 跨文化研究从文化对比的角度对文化现象进行阐释, 不过这类研究在研究方法上要面对一些相对独特的问题, 本文将从研究设计、测量、数据统计等方面分析跨文化研究中值得研究者关注的方法问题。作者首先从研究设计的角度分析如何通过汇聚方法(consilience methods)加强检验跨文化研究的因果关系的能力, 然后分析跨文化研究中测量对等性(measurement invariance/equivalence)问题以及相关的统计方法, 最后简要介绍了多层线性模型(hierarchical linear modeling)在跨文化研究中的应用、并讨论跨文化研究方法的发展趋势。     

跨文化（中国人）个性测量表青少年版（CPAI-A）的香港标准化研究 ——兼顾文化共通性与特殊性的人格测量

以跨文化（中国人）个性测量表（CPAI-2）的成人版为基础,综合运用文化共通性（etic）和文化特殊性（emic）方法发展了相应的青少年版个性测量工具——CPAI-A,并在香港青少年人群中进行了标准化研究。结果表明CPAI-A有良好的信度和清晰的因素结构。文章从理论和实证两方面深入分析了学界日益关注的从青少年到成人人格的发展性与稳定性问题,以及人格特质评估的文化共通性与特殊性问题。最后建议CPAI-A量表发展的历程可能是融合本土化与跨文化人格评估发展过程中一条非常值得借鉴的思路     

The Relationship Between Control,Job Seeking,and Well‐Being in Unemployed People

We tested the usefulness of the competence–contingency–control model to account for well‐being and job seeking in the unemployed. We surveyed 216 job seekers (M age = 35 years; M unemployment = 12.4 months) with measures of personal competency, beliefs about contingency relationships, job seeking, and well‐being. We hypothesized that control (i.e., competency and contingency) would be positively related to well‐being and job seeking, and that job seeking would be positively associated with well‐being and would mediate or moderate between control and well‐being. We found that control accounted for one third of the variance in well‐being, and was positively associated with job seeking (7% of variance). Job seeking did not mediate or moderate between control and well‐being.     

Effects of Evaluation of Societal Conditions and Work–Family Conflict on Social Cynicism and Distress: A Longitudinal Analysis1

Social cynicism, a general belief about the malevolent nature of people and social institutions, shows a negative influence on many attitudes and behaviors, but little is known about the factors that give rise to this belief syndrome. We hypothesized and confirmed the role of low evaluation of societal conditions as an antecedent of social cynicism in a longitudinal study in 3 Chinese cities. Consistent with the person specificity argument, we found that low evaluation of societal conditions exerted little influence on distress, a self‐relevant outcome variable. Instead, work–family conflict, which reflects one's personal experiences, was found to be a significant antecedent of distress, but it exerted little influence on social cynicism, a worldview. Implications of the findings are discussed.     

The Impact of Customer Service and Product Value on Customer Loyalty and Purchase Behavior

Based on research and theories on justice, it was predicted that customer service would be as important as, or even more important than perceived product value in determining customer loyalty and purchase behavior. This general hypothesis was tested by surveying 324 respondents who had just patronized several retail outlets. Results indicated that customer service was indeed more important than perceived product value in predicting customer loyalty, the amount of money spent in the visit, and the range of products purchased. In addition, customer service was a significant predictor of all 3 variables, whereas perceived product value was able to predict customer loyalty only. It was also found that for females and respondents with a higher income, customer loyalty was more influenced by customer service.     

香港中学生人格特质的性别差异及其发展性分析

本文报告了新近发展的跨文化（中国人）个性测量表－青少年版（CPAI-A）对香港中学生人格特征的性别差异评估结果。CPAI-A是在CPAI-2（成人版）基础上发展而来的。研究发现性别是影响香港中学生人格特质的关键因素,并且性别差异在不同年龄组之间存在明显的延续性和发展性趋势。结合对已有研究的比较分析,文章从发展角度讨论了人格特质的性别差异特性在青少年不同年龄组之间的情形。文章还基于CPAI-2中国人常模的数据,比较分析了青少年与成人之间人格特征性别差异的特点。文章最后认为性别差异特征是体现人格特质在青少年期的不同年龄阶段,以及从青少年到成人阶段的发展性与稳定性的重要内容     

Constructing intergroup relationships in social communication

Abstract:  People communicate with each other about their ingroup and outgroup in a social context. These social communications may have profound effects in constructing intergroup relationships. In this paper, we outline how different combinations of the social identities of the sender, receiver, and target of the social communication may give rise to differing face concerns of the ingroup and outgroup, and may result in different patterns of communications about them. People may enhance or protect their ingroup social identity, and derogate the outgroup social identity to their ingroup audiences; however, they are more likely to enhance and protect their outgroup's social identity when communicating with outgroup audiences. Two studies tested these predictions. Study 1 used real groups of Australian and Asian students communicating about an Asian student in an Australian university context. In Study 2, participants assigned to two fictitious groups communicated about their ingroup and outgroup. In both studies, the findings were interpreted within the framework of intergroup communication, although there were some notable deviations from the predictions. Future directions of the research were also discussed.