Balanced Time Perspective and Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of “Temporal Negative Affect”

Journal of Happiness Studies - The relationship between a balanced time perspective and life satisfaction has been demonstrated in previous studies, yet the potential mechanisms underlying this...     

数学焦虑影响儿童数学任务表现的作用机制探析

研究设计了心算加法和图形旋转/平移两类数学任务,同时采用《儿童数学焦虑问卷》、工作记忆和抑制任务,以探讨数学焦虑影响儿童数学任务表现的作用机制.213名小学五年级儿童参与研究,其中89人参与正式实验.结果发现:(1)数学焦虑与数学成绩呈显著负相关;(2)高数学焦虑组在工作记忆和两类数学任务中的得分均显著低于低数学焦虑组,而两组在抑制任务指标上差异不显著;(3)言语工作记忆和视空间工作记忆是数学焦虑影响心算加法任务的完全中介变量;视空间工作记忆是数学焦虑影响图形旋转/平移任务的完全中介变量,言语工作记忆是二者关系的调节变量.研究结果支持了加工效能理论.     

A Meta-Analysis of Working Memory Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by executive dysfunction, and working memory (WM) comprises one core component of executive function. Many studies have investigated WM impairments in individuals with ASD, however, a conclusive agreement has not been reached. The present study provided a meta-analytic review of WM impairments in individuals with ASD and evaluated potential moderating variables of this problem. Twenty-eight studies were included in this study, and the participants comprised 819 individuals with ASD and 875 healthy controls. A significant WM impairment (Cohen’s d?=??0.61) was identified in the individuals with ASD, however, this impairment was not associated with age. Results of moderation analyses showed that (a) spatial WM was more severely impaired than verbal WM and (b) the component of cognitive processing (maintenance vs. maintenance plus manipulation) did not affect the severity of WM impairments. These findings suggest that WM is impaired in individuals with ASD and may have implications for interventions related to WM impairments in these individuals.