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Jannis Liedtke Dagmar Werdenich Gyula K. Gajdon Ludwig Huber Ralf Wanker 《Animal cognition》2011,14(1):143-149
The trap-tube task has become a benchmark test for investigating physical causality in vertebrates. In this task, subjects
have to retrieve food out of a horizontal tube using a tool and avoiding a trap hole in the tube. Great apes and corvids succeeded
in this task. Parrots with relative brain volumes comparable to those of corvids and primates also demonstrate high cognitive
abilities. We therefore tested macaws, a cockatoo, and keas on the trap-tube paradigm. All nine parrots failed to solve the
task. In a simplified task, trap tubes with a slot inserted along the top were offered. The slot allowed the birds to move
the reward directly with their bills. All but one individual solved this task by lifting the food over the trap. However,
the parrots failed again when they were prevented from lifting the reward, although they anticipated that food will be lost
when moved into the trap. We do not think that the demanding use of an external object is the main reason for the parrots’
failure. Moreover, we suppose these parrots fail to consider the trap’s position in the beginning of a trial and were not
able to stop their behaviour and move the reward in the trap’s opposite direction. 相似文献
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This report describes the case of a young man with a large calcification in the right thalamus that was first diagnosed at 9 years of age. Case history reveals specific eating rituals and other obsessive-compulsive personality traits during the patient's childhood and adolescence, fulfilling diagnostic criteria of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. After a critical life event the patient develops anorexia nervosa. We suggest that our case and further literature provide evidence for an involvement of specific thalamic structures, such as the dorsomedial nucleus, in the development of anorexia nervosa. Furthermore, the treatment of the patient by a combined psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic approach is described. We focus on the beneficial effect of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine, which can induce weight gain by an increase of leptin levels. 相似文献
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We examined state evaluation anxiety, trait evaluation anxiety, and neuroticism in relation to New Zealand first-year university students’ (n = 234) task performance on either a... 相似文献
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Wegener I Wawrzyniak A Imbierowicz K Conrad R Musch J Geiser F Wermter F Liedtke R 《Psychological reports》2008,103(1):35-47
Attenuated affective processing is hypothesized to play a role in the development and maintenance of obesity. Using an affective priming task measuring automatic affective processing of verbal stimuli, a group of 30 obese participants in a weight-loss program at the Psychosomatic University Clinic Bonn (M age = 48.3, SD = 10.7) was compared with a group of 25 participants of normal weight (M age = 43.6, SD = 12.5). A smaller affective priming effect was observed for participants with obesity, indicating less pronounced reactions to valenced adjectives. The generally reduced affective processing in obese participants was discussed as a possible factor in the etiology of obesity. Individuals who generally show less pronounced affective reactions to a given stimulus may also react with less negative affect when confronted with weight gain or less positive affect when weight is lost. Consequently, they could be expected to be less motivated to stop overeating or to engage in dieting and will have a higher risk of becoming or staying obese. 相似文献
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There is a long-standing debate as to whether social or physical environmental aspects drive the evolution and development of cognitive abilities. Surprisingly few studies make use of developmental plasticity to compare the effects of these two domains during development on behaviour later in life. Here, we present rearing effects on the development of learning abilities and social behaviour in the jumping spider Marpissa muscosa. These spiders are ideally suited for this purpose because they possess the ability to learn and can be reared in groups but also in isolation without added stress. This is a critical but rarely met requirement for experimentally varying the social environment to test its impact on cognition. We split broods of spiders and reared them either in a physically or in a socially enriched environment. A third group kept under completely deprived conditions served as a ‘no-enrichment’ control. We tested the spiders’ learning abilities by using a modified T-maze. Social behaviour was investigated by confronting spiders with their own mirror image. Results show that spiders reared in groups outperform their conspecifics from the control, i.e. ‘no-enrichment’, group in both tasks. Physical enrichment did not lead to such an increased performance. We therefore tentatively suggest that growing up in contact with conspecifics induces the development of cognitive abilities in this species. 相似文献
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Kraiss Jannis Redelinghuys Kleinjan Weiss Laura. A. 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2022,23(7):3655-3689
Journal of Happiness Studies - The last decades experienced a rapid growth in the number of studies examining the effects of psychological interventions on well-being, yet well-being is often... 相似文献
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