Argumentation as Rule-Justified Claims: Elements of a Conceptual Framework for the Critical Analysis of Argument

The paper outlines a conceptual framework for the critical assessment of argumentation which differs in some of its core characteristics from conventional approaches: it is resolutely semantic rather than formal in its method; it centers on obligations rather than beliefs; and its analytical focus is on the contingent necessity of conclusions, rather than on their persuasiveness or formal validity. The paper briefly illustrates the applications of this conceptual framework by reanalyzing a couple of examples taken from the argumentation analysis literature.     

Benefiting from misfortune: when harmless actions are judged to be morally blameworthy

Dominant theories of moral blame require an individual to have caused or intended harm. However, the current four studies demonstrate cases where no harm is caused or intended, yet individuals are nonetheless deemed worthy of blame. Specifically, individuals are judged to be blameworthy when they engage in actions that enable them to benefit from another's misfortune (e.g., betting that a company's stock will decline or that a natural disaster will occur). Evidence is presented suggesting that perceptions of the actor's wicked desires are responsible for this phenomenon. It is argued that these results are consistent with a growing literature demonstrating that moral judgments are often the product of evaluations of character in addition to evaluations of acts.     

Disgust sensitivity predicts political ideology and policy attitudes in the Netherlands

Individual differences in disgust sensitivity have been linked to social attitudes and ideology, but the generalizability of this effect and the nature of the political issues implicated remain unclear. In two studies using large Dutch samples, we find that disgust sensitivity predicts political attitudes for issues in several domains related to physical/spiritual purity and pathogen risk. Sensitivity to disgust was significantly associated with attitudes for a general ‘physical and spiritual purity’ factor, as well as specific issue factors regarding sex and sexual minorities, immigration, and foreign outgroups. Additionally, disgust sensitivity was associated with greater likelihood of voting for the socially conservative “Freedom Party” (Partij Voor de Vrijheid). These results suggest that the tendency to experience disgust influences a specific subset of social and political attitudes across cultures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pathogens and Politics: Current Research and New Questions

The emotion of disgust has been linked to more conservative social attitudes and to self‐placement on the left–right political spectrum. This relationship seems to be robust and general: It has been observed by multiple labs, using diverse methods and measures, in a variety of countries and cultures. However, why disgust should be associated with social and political attitudes is still an open question. We first review the evidence for a link between disgust and political attitudes and then outline competing accounts of why there should be a relationship between the two in the first place.     

Decision speed and choice regret: When haste feels like waste

We test a metacognitive account of why larger choice sets often lead to greater regret, proposing that people apply the lay theory that “a quick choice is a bad choice” when evaluating how well they have chosen. Because people often operate under time pressure, larger sets are likely to entail a more cursory selection process than smaller sets, generating a feeling of having rushed the evaluation of the alternatives and heightened regret. Four studies show that choice-set size does not influence participants' regret when they believe that they had enough time to choose, that the subjective feeling of being rushed accounts for greater regret when choosing from larger sets, and that changing people's lay theories about choosing quickly eliminates regret.     

Disgusting smells cause decreased liking of gay men

An induction of disgust can lead to more negative attitudes toward an entire social group: Participants who were exposed to a noxious ambient odor reported less warmth toward gay men. This effect of disgust was equally strong for political liberals and conservatives, and was specific to attitudes toward gay men-there was only a weak effect of disgust on people's warmth toward lesbians, and no consistent effect on attitudes toward African Americans, the elderly, or a range of political issues.     

The relation between actual exposure to political violence and preparatory intervention for exposure to media coverage of terrorism

This laboratory study examined differential effects of television broadcasts of terrorism on viewers' anxiety according to their actual exposure history, and differential efficacy of a preparatory intervention in moderating elevated anxiety for high or low actual exposure. Participants were 80 young Israeli adults, randomly allocated to a terrorism or non-terrorism media broadcast, and for each type of exposure, to a preparatory or control intervention. Actual political violence and terrorism exposure history was assessed, and anxiety measured explicitly and indirectly prior and subsequent to the intervention and media exposure manipulation. Results showed that in the terrorism media exposure, participants with high more than low actual political life events (PLE) exposure showed higher post-test levels of indirectly measured anxiety. Clinical intervention before the terrorism media exposure moderated indirectly measured anxiety among participants with high PLE exposure, but increased anxiety for low PLE. Findings outline preparatory measures that could maximize coping for the high PLE actual exposure at-risk sector.     

The Effectiveness of Brief Versus Intermediate Duration Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Adjustment Disorder

Treatment studies and particularly psychotherapeutic treatment studies of patients suffering from an adjustment disorder are very scarce, leading to insufficient evidence regarding the efficacy of treatment in this population. Whereas timely psychotherapy is known to be of benefit in the treatment of adjustment disorders, the ideal duration of psychotherapeutic interventions is not known. This study examined whether a brief 12-session focused psychodynamic psychotherapy may be as efficient as a longer intermediate-term (1?year) psychodynamic psychotherapy in treating patients suffering from an adjustment disorder. Subjects (n?=?66) were randomly assigned to either brief or intermediate psychotherapy. They were assessed by self-report measures and clinician’s evaluation at baseline, end of therapy, and 9?months after therapy was terminated. The results showed a good overall improvement in the whole group. Furthermore, brief psychotherapy was found to be as good as intermediate psychotherapy both at the end of treatment and at follow-up. Although our study was not designed to confirm the efficacy of dynamic psychotherapy in the treatment of adjustment disorders, our results suggest that brief interventions may be good enough in adjustment disorder, thus allowing treatment of a greater number of patients without compromising for the quality and suitability of treatment.     

The Use of a Nonlinear Muscle Model in Explaining the Relationship Between Duration, Amplitude, and Peak Velocity of Human Rapid Movements

Rapid human movements exhibit a quasilinear relationship between their amplitude and maximum velocity and a log-like relationship between their amplitude and duration. The authors demonstrate that those well-observed relations can be obtained with a simple nonlinear muscle model and a pulse-step control scheme. That result encourages the use of nonlinear musculoskeletal models with simple control schemes for modeling human ballistic movements.