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1.
Social groups of gorillas were observed in three captive facilities and one African field site. Cases of potential gesture
use, totalling 9,540, were filtered by strict criteria for intentionality, giving a corpus of 5,250 instances of intentional
gesture use. This indicated a repertoire of 102 gesture types. Most repertoire differences between individuals and sites were
explicable as a consequence of environmental affordances and sampling effects: overall gesture frequency was a good predictor
of universality of occurrence. Only one gesture was idiosyncratic to a single individual, and was given only to humans. Indications
of cultural learning were few, though not absent. Six gestures appeared to be traditions within single social groups, but
overall concordance in repertoires was almost as high between as within social groups. No support was found for the ontogenetic
ritualization hypothesis as the chief means of acquisition of gestures. Many gestures whose form ruled out such an origin,
i.e. gestures derived from species-typical displays, were used as intentionally and almost as flexibly as gestures whose form
was consistent with learning by ritualization. When using both classes of gesture, gorillas paid specific attention to the
attentional state of their audience. Thus, it would be unwarranted to divide ape gestural repertoires into ‘innate, species-typical,
inflexible reactions’ and ‘individually learned, intentional, flexible communication’. We conclude that gorilla gestural communication
is based on a species-typical repertoire, like those of most other mammalian species but very much larger. Gorilla gestures
are not, however, inflexible signals but are employed for intentional communication to specific individuals. 相似文献
2.
Chimpanzees at Budongo, Uganda, regularly gesture in series, including ‘bouts’ of gesturing that include response waiting
and ‘sequences’ of rapid-fire gesturing without pauses. We examined the distribution and correlates of 723 sequences and 504
bouts for clues to the function of multigesture series. Gesturing by older chimpanzees was more likely to be successful, but
the success rate of any particular gesture did not vary with signaller age. Rather, older individuals were more likely to
choose successful gestures, and these highly successful gestures were more often used singly. These patterns explain why bouts
were recorded most in younger animals, whereas older chimpanzees relied more on single gestures: bouts are best interpreted
as a consequence of persistence in the face of failure. When at least one gesture of a successful type occurred in a sequence,
that sequence was more likely to be successful; overall, however, sequences were less successful than single gestures. We
suggest that young chimpanzees use sequences as a ‘fail-safe’ strategy: because they have the innate potential to produce
a large and redundant repertoire of gestures but lack knowledge of which of them would be most efficient. Using sequences
increases the chance of giving one effective gesture and also allows users to learn the most effective types. As they do so,
they need to use sequences less; sequences may remain important for subtle interpersonal adjustment, especially in play. This
‘Repertoire Tuning’ hypothesis explains a number of results previously reported from chimpanzee gesturing. 相似文献
3.
Elaborate manual skills of food processing are known in several species of great ape; but their manner of acquisition is controversial.
Local, “cultural” traditions show the influence of social learning, but it is uncertain whether this includes the ability
to imitate the organization of behavior. Dispute has centered on whether program-level imitation contributes to the acquisition
of feeding techniques in gorillas. Here, we show that captive western gorillas at Port Lympne, Kent, have developed a group-wide
habit of feeding on nettles, using two techniques. We compare their nettle processing behavior with that of wild mountain
gorillas in Rwanda. Both populations are similar in their repertoires of action elements, and in developing multi-step techniques
for food processing, with coordinated asymmetric actions of the hands and iteration of parts of a process as “subroutines”.
Crucially, however, the two populations deal in different ways with the special challenges presented by nettle stings, with
consistently different organizations of action elements. We conclude that, while an elaborate repertoire of manual actions
and the ability to develop complex manual skills are natural characteristics of gorillas, the inter-site differences in nettle-eating
technique are best explained as a consequence of social transmission. According to this explanation, gorillas can copy aspects
of program organization from the behavior of others and they use this ability when learning how to eat nettles, resulting
in consistent styles of processing by most individuals at each different site; like other great apes, gorillas have the precursor
abilities for developing culture. 相似文献
4.
Byrne R. W. Cartmill E. Genty E. Graham K. E. Hobaiter C. Tanner J. 《Animal cognition》2019,22(4):471-471
Animal Cognition - Great apes give gestures deliberately and voluntarily, in order to influence particular target audiences, whose direction of attention they take into account when choosing which... 相似文献
5.
Kersken Verena Gómez Juan-Carlos Liszkowski Ulf Soldati Adrian Hobaiter Catherine 《Animal cognition》2019,22(4):577-595
Animal Cognition - When we compare human gestures to those of other apes, it looks at first like there is nothing much to compare at all. In adult humans, gestures are thought to be a window into... 相似文献
6.
R. W. Byrne E. Cartmill E. Genty K. E. Graham C. Hobaiter J. Tanner 《Animal cognition》2017,20(4):755-769
Great apes give gestures deliberately and voluntarily, in order to influence particular target audiences, whose direction of attention they take into account when choosing which type of gesture to use. These facts make the study of ape gesture directly relevant to understanding the evolutionary precursors of human language; here we present an assessment of ape gesture from that perspective, focusing on the work of the “St Andrews Group” of researchers. Intended meanings of ape gestures are relatively few and simple. As with human words, ape gestures often have several distinct meanings, which are effectively disambiguated by behavioural context. Compared to the signalling of most other animals, great ape gestural repertoires are large. Because of this, and the relatively small number of intended meanings they achieve, ape gestures are redundant, with extensive overlaps in meaning. The great majority of gestures are innate, in the sense that the species’ biological inheritance includes the potential to develop each gestural form and use it for a specific range of purposes. Moreover, the phylogenetic origin of many gestures is relatively old, since gestures are extensively shared between different genera in the great ape family. Acquisition of an adult repertoire is a process of first exploring the innate species potential for many gestures and then gradual restriction to a final (active) repertoire that is much smaller. No evidence of syntactic structure has yet been detected. 相似文献
7.
Animal Cognition - This paper is an introduction to the special issue entitled Evolving the study of gesture: evaluating and unifying theories of gesture acquisition in great apes. The gestures of... 相似文献
8.
Liran Samuni Roger Mundry Joseph Terkel Klaus Zuberbühler Catherine Hobaiter 《Animal cognition》2014,17(4):997-1005
Habituation to human observers is an essential tool in animal behaviour research. Habituation occurs when repeated and inconsequential exposure to a human observer gradually reduces an animal’s natural aversive response. Despite the importance of habituation, little is known about the psychological mechanisms facilitating it in wild animals. Although animal learning theory offers some account, the patterns are more complex in natural than in laboratory settings, especially in large social groups in which individual experiences vary and individuals influence each other. Here, we investigate the role of social learning during the habituation process of a wild chimpanzee group, the Waibira community of Budongo Forest, Uganda. Through post hoc hypothesis testing, we found that the immigration of two well-habituated, young females from the neighbouring Sonso community had a significant effect on the behaviour of non-habituated Waibira individuals towards human observers, suggesting that habituation is partially acquired via social learning. 相似文献
9.
Great ape gestural communication is known to be intentional, elaborate and flexible; yet there is controversy over the best
interpretation of the system and how gestures are acquired, perhaps because most studies have been made in restricted, captive
settings. Here, we report the first systematic analysis of gesture in a population of wild chimpanzees. Over 266 days of observation,
we recorded 4,397 cases of intentional gesture use in the Sonso community, Budongo, Uganda. We describe 66 distinct gesture
types: this estimate appears close to asymptote, and the Sonso repertoire includes most gestures described informally at other
sites. Differences in repertoire were noted between individuals and age classes, but in both cases, the measured repertoire
size was predicted by the time subjects were observed gesturing. No idiosyncratic usages were found, i.e. no gesture type
was used only by one individual. No support was found for the idea that gestures are acquired by ‘ontogenetic ritualization’
from originally effective actions; moreover, in detailed analyses of two gestures, action elements composing the gestures
did not closely match those of the presumed original actions. Rather, chimpanzee gestures are species-typical; indeed, many
are ‘family-typical’, because gesture types recorded in gorillas, orangutans and chimpanzee overlap extensively, with 24 gestures
recorded in all three genera. Nevertheless, chimpanzee gestures are used flexibly across a range of contexts and show clear
adjustment to audience (e.g. silent gestures for attentive targets, contact gestures for inattentive ones). Such highly intentional
use of a species-typical repertoire raises intriguing questions for the evolution of advanced communication. 相似文献
10.
Animal Cognition - The field of ape gesture research has grown significantly in the past two decades, but progress on the question of gesture development has been limited by methodological and... 相似文献