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1.
Henrike Moll Malinda Carpenter Michael Tomasello 《Journal of cognition and development》2014,15(1):12-21
Recent studies have established that even infants can determine what others know based on previous visual experience. In the current study, we investigated whether 2- and 3-year-olds know what others know based on previous auditory experience. A child and an adult heard the sound of one object together, but only the child heard the sound of another (target) object. When later the sounds of both objects were played simultaneously, the adult reacted with surprise and excitement (“Oh, listen, what is that?”). In response, both 24- and 36-month-olds directed the adult's attention to the target more often than chance and more often than in a control condition in which the adult had heard neither sound. These results indicate that by 24 months of age, children's understanding of others' knowledge and ignorance is not limited to the visual domain but extends across perceptual domains. 相似文献
2.
This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain-behavior correlations in a group of 16 children (9- to 12-year-olds). Activation was measured during a semantic judgment task presented in either the visual or auditory modality that required the individual to determine whether a final word was related in meaning to one of two previous words (e.g., found-tank-lost). The main finding was that higher performers (i.e., accuracy) were associated with more activation in posterior representational systems including the inferior and middle temporal gyri, whereas lower performers were associated with more activation in anterior regions including the inferior and middle frontal gyri. This pattern of results was interpreted as reflecting an elaborated semantic representational system in temporal areas for the high accuracy performers that allowed them to efficiently and accurately make meaning based judgments. The low accuracy performers may have an inaccurate or weakly interconnected semantic system that results in greater use of frontal areas in a feature selection process. 相似文献
3.
Research on early false belief understanding has entirely relied on affect‐neutral measures such as judgments (standard tasks), attentional allocation (looking duration, preferential looking, anticipatory looking), or active intervention. We used a novel, affective measure to test whether preschoolers affectively anticipate another's misguided acts. In two experiments, 3‐year‐olds showed more expressions of suspense (by, e.g. brow furrowing or lip biting) when they saw an agent approach a scene with a false as opposed to a true belief (Experiment 1) or ignorance (Experiment 2). This shows that the children anticipated the agent's surprise and disappointment when encountering reality. The findings suggest that early implicit knowledge of false beliefs includes anticipations of the affective implications of erring. This vital dimension of beliefs should no longer be ignored in research on early theory of mind. 相似文献
4.
Henrike Schmidt 《Studies in East European Thought》2011,63(2):95-109
The rapid growth of the Russian Internet offers great advantages, especially for geographical and cultural peripheries. Nevertheless, the locational inequality in Internet usage within the country has not yet been bridged. Meanwhile, some Russian villagers living in the countryside have started to ??blog back?? to the metropolitan centres. How is the Russian village represented in these accounts by digital??nye dereven??iki? What power relations are characteristic of villagers and townspeople, as they meet in online forums and blogs? The case studies presented in this essay show that, although the traditional dichotomist opposition between centre and periphery has undergone substantial redefinition, the significance of these concepts as value-loaded, culturally coded discursive entities still prevails. The manifestation of hybrid identities, explored in recent research on transnational diasporic communities, has not yet affected the rather static conceptions of core and periphery at work within Russian borders and on the Russian Internet. 相似文献
5.
The influence of phonological similarity on bilingual language processing was examined within and across languages in three
experiments. Phonological similarity was manipulated within a language by varying neighborhood density, and across languages
by varying extent of cross-linguistic overlap between native and non-native languages. In Experiment 1, speed and accuracy
of bilinguals’ picture naming were susceptible to phonological neighborhood density in both the first and the second language.
In Experiment 2, eye-movement patterns indicated that the time-course of language activation varied across phonological neighborhood
densities and across native/non-native language status. In Experiment 3, speed and accuracy of bilingual performance in an
auditory lexical decision task were influenced by degree of cross-linguistic phonological overlap. Together, the three experiments
confirm that bilinguals are sensitive to phonological similarity within and across languages and suggest that this sensitivity
is asymmetrical across native and non-native languages and varies along the timecourse of word processing. 相似文献
6.
Two experiments explored the role of stimulus congruency and goal congruency for the generation of object-oriented actions
with two hands. Participants had to place two objects into either parallel or opposite orientations by carrying out either
symmetrical or asymmetrical forearm rotations. Performance was superior when the required object orientations were identical
rather than different, almost independent of the symmetry of the required arm movements. In extending previous research, goal
congruency effects ensued even under conditions in which congruency of imperative response signals could not have contributed
to goal congruency effects, either because only a single stimulus was used to indicate the required goals in an individual
trial (Experiment 1) or such stimuli were absent at all (Experiment 2). The results thus confirm the importance of goal codes
for the reconcilableness of bimanual actions, and rule out accounts in terms of stimulus-related processes. 相似文献
7.
Infants follow the gaze direction of others from the middle of the first year of life. In attempting to determine how infants understand the looking behavior of adults, a number of recent studies have blocked the adult's line of sight in some way (e.g. with a blindfold or with a barrier). In contrast, in the current studies an adult looked behind a barrier which blocked the child's line of sight. Using two different control conditions and several different barrier types, 12- and 18-month-old infants locomoted a short distance in order to gain the proper viewing angle to follow an experimenter's gaze to locations behind barriers. These results demonstrate that, contra Butterworth, even 12-month-old infants can follow gaze to locations outside of their current field of view. They also add to growing evidence that 12-month-olds have some understanding of the looking behaviors of others as an act of seeing. 相似文献
8.
Fourteen- and 18-month-old infants observed an adult experiencing each of 2 objects (experienced objects) and then leaving the room; the infant then played with a 3rd object while the adult was gone (unexperienced object). The adult interacted with the 2 experienced objects in 1 of 3 ways: by (a) sharing them with the infant in an episode of joint engagement, (b) actively manipulating and inspecting them on his or her own as the infant watched (individual engagement), or (c) looking at them from a distance as the infant played with them (onlooking). As evidenced in a selection task, infants of both ages knew which objects had been experienced by the adult in the joint engagement condition, only the 18-month-olds knew this in the individual engagement condition, and infants at neither age knew this in the onlooking condition. These results suggest that infants are 1st able to determine what adults know (have experienced) on the basis of their direct, triadic engagements with them. 相似文献
9.
Argumentation - In response to an accusation of having said something inappropriate, the accused may exploit the difference between the explicit contents of their utterance and its implicatures.... 相似文献
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