Altruism in surgery of AIDS patients

There is usually a long period of time between infection with the AIDS virus and manifestation of symptoms. Asymptomatic patients often would benefit from elective surgery for diseases such as arthritis which are unrelated to their infection. The surgeons' decisions to accept the risks to themselves, their spouses, and their operating teams in order to relieve pain and suffering appear to be based upon two covenants; one concerns their role within the doctor-patient relationship, and the other concerns their relationship to what they see as the ultimate meaning in life.     

Complete Virtue and the Definition of Happiness in Aristotle

In this paper, I challenge the standard reading of complete virtue (ἀρετή τελεία) in those disputed passages of Nicomachean Ethics and Eudemian Ethics. I argue that, for Aristotle, complete virtue is neither (i) wisdom nor (ii) a whole set of all virtues. Rather, it is a term used by Aristotle to denote any virtue that is in its complete or perfect form. In light of this reading, I offer a pluralist interpretation of Aristotelian happiness. I argue that for Aristotle, the life-long exercise of a predominant virtue—as long as it is exercised in its complete or perfect form—will suffice for human happiness. The so-called inclusivist and intellectualist notions of Aristotelian happiness, thus understood, are merely two forms (viz. the composite and the non-composite form) of the pluralist notion of Aristotelian happiness. And if I am right, my pluralist interpretation provides an alternative, if not better, solution to the long-standing problem of “dual happiness” in Aristotle.     

利用脑成像多体素模式分析解码认知的神经表征:原理和应用

多体素模式分析(multi-voxel pattern analysis,MVPA)是一种基于机器学习理论发展出来的新的功能磁共振数据分析技术。MVPA技术通过训练分类器,对由不同认知状态引起的多体素信号模式进行分类。与传统的基于单个体素的分析方法相比,该技术可更敏感地检测脑对认知状态的表征,并使得从神经信号解码认知状态成为可能。文章介绍MVPA技术的基本原理、分析步骤以及可以用MVPA来解决的科学问题,并对应用中可能面临的问题提供了参考建议。     

对构建我国艾滋病防治督导与评估预期框架的探讨

根据艾滋病防治督导与评估框架具有的功能及构建框架的原则,提出了构建我国艾滋病防治督导与评估预期框架的思路。该预期框架包括总框架和组织管理与协调、指标体系和数据管理三个分框架。通过对构建预期框架的探讨,为制定我国艾滋病防治督导与评估方案提供参考。     

The aftermath of 9/11: effect of intensity and recency of trauma on outcome

Does trauma exposure have a long-term impact on the brain and behavior of healthy individuals? The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the impact of proximity to the disaster of September 11, 2001, on amygdala function in 22 healthy adults. More than three years after the terrorist attacks, bilateral amygdala activity in response to viewing fearful faces compared to calm ones was higher in people who were within 1.5 miles of the World Trade Center on 9/11, relative to those who were living more than 200 miles away (all were living in the New York metropolitan area at time of scan). This activity mediated the relationship between group status and current symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. In turn, the effect of group status on both amygdala activation (fearful vs. calm faces) and current symptoms was statistically explained by time since worst trauma in lifetime and intensity of worst trauma, as indicated by reported symptoms at time of the trauma. These data are consistent with a model of heightened amygdala reactivity following high-intensity trauma exposure, with relatively slow recovery.     

Pingdeng Guannianshi Lunlüe 平等观念史论略 (On the History of the Idea of Equality)

Equality,whether practical or theoretical,continues to be a challenging issue in modem China.The rapidly developing economy in China not only leads to a prosperous society,but also creates dramatic social inequality in the populace.Obviously,it is very important to explain this phenomenon and to solve it successfully.Recently,leading debates in China have been concerned with how to understand the state of equality,and resolving these issues requires acquaintance with what the idea of equality in today's China actually is.Facing these difficulties,it is necessary for us to grasp what equality means to the population at large.But,if we want to concretely understand the idea of equality,it is necessary for us first to investigate its history.Based on an analysis of the history of the idea of equality,Gao Ruiquan attempts to objectively diagnose its character in modem China in his On the History of the Idea of Equality (hereafter,OHIE).     

公民社会组织参与艾滋病防治的SWOT分析

公民社会组织在艾滋病防治中发挥着重要和不可替代的作用.通过SWOT分析法,试图找出公民社会组织在艾滋病防治领域中作用的优势和劣势、面临的机遇和威胁,根据分析结果提出完善公民社会组织在艾滋病防治领域中作用的策略,以促进艾滋病防治工作的全面发展.     

社会标签理论对艾滋病防治工作的启示

传统文化中,艾滋痛是一种性质极其严重的因越轨行为所致的疾病,标签理论是分析越轨行为产生的社会学理论.从标签理论的角度,分析艾滋病患者的心理变化及需求,分析偏见和歧视对艾滋病患者的负面影响,探索为艾滋病患者建立良好社会支持环境的思路.