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Carol Sankey Marie-Annick Richard-Yris Séverine Henry Carole Fureix Fouad Nassur Martine Hausberger 《Animal cognition》2010,13(5):753-764
A central question in the interspecific human/animal relationship is how domestic animals perceive humans as a significant
element of their environment. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the use of positive or negative reinforcement in
horse training may have consequences on the animals’ perception of humans, as a positive, negative or neutral element. Two
groups of ponies were trained to walk backwards in response to a vocal order using either positive or negative reinforcement.
Heart rate monitors and behavioural observations were used to assess the animals’ perception of humans on the short (just
after training) and long (5 months later) terms. The results showed that the type of reinforcement had a major effect on the
subsequent animals’ perception of familiar and unfamiliar humans. Negative reinforcement was rapidly associated with an increased
emotional state, as revealed by heart rate measurements and behavioural observations (head movements and ears laid back position).
Its use led the ponies to seek less contact with humans. On the contrary, ponies trained with positive reinforcement showed
an increased interest in humans and sought contact after training. This is especially remarkable as it was reached in a maximum
of 5 sessions of 1 to 3 min (i.e. 5 to 15 min) and had lasting effects (visible after 5 months). Even learning was positively
influenced by positive reinforcement. Overall, horses seem capable of associating humans to particular experiences and display
extended long-term memory abilities. 相似文献
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This study aimed to determine whether horses have a kind of memory of humans (based on previous interactions), leading to
a general significance of humans revealed by their reactions to humans in subsequent interactions. Subjects were 59 adult
horses used to interact daily with humans. Three types of behavioural tests involving an unknown experimenter evaluated three
possibly different memorized types of human–animal interactions (not work-related, using work-related objects, unfamiliar
working task). We also performed standardized observations of routine interactions between each horse and its familiar handler
(caretaker). To get a broad overview of the horses’ reactions to humans, we recorded both investigative and aggressive behaviours
during the tests, representing respectively a “positive” and a “negative” memory of the relationship. Whereas correlations
between tests revealed a general perception of humans as either positive or negative, unusual tests, i.e. that are not usually
performed, elicited more positive reactions. Moreover, some horses reacted positively to a motionless person in their box,
but negatively when this same person approached them, for example for halter fitting. Overall, aggressive reactions were more
reliable indicators of the relationship than positive reactions, both between tests and between familiar and unfamiliar humans.
Our results also show generalization of the perception of humans. These results support our hypothesis that perception of
humans by horses may be based on experience, i.e. repeated interactions. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that
horses can form a memory of humans that impacts their reactions in subsequent interactions. 相似文献
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Kappel Sarah Ramirez Montes De Oca Marco A. Collins Sarah Herborn Katherine Mendl Michael Fureix Carole 《Animal cognition》2023,26(4):1147-1159
Animal Cognition - The use of 2-dimensional representations (e.g. photographs or digital images) of real-life physical objects has been an important tool in studies of animal cognition. Horses are... 相似文献
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