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Espinosa JM 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》1992,15(1):51-60
The concept of probability appears to be very important in the radical behaviorism of Skinner. Yet, it seems that this probability has not been accurately defined and is still ambiguous. I give a strict, relative frequency interpretation of probability and its applicability to the data from the science of behavior as supplied by cumulative records. Two examples of stochastic processes are given that may model the data from cumulative records that result under conditions of continuous reinforcement and extinction, respectively. 相似文献
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Katarzyna Cantarero Piotr Szarota Eftychia Stamkou Marisol Navas Alejandra del Carmen Dominguez Espinosa 《The Journal of social psychology》2018,158(2):220-235
In this article we show that when analyzing attitude towards lying in a cross-cultural setting, both the beneficiary of the lie (self vs other) and the context (private life vs. professional domain) should be considered. In a study conducted in Estonia, Ireland, Mexico, The Netherlands, Poland, Spain, and Sweden (N = 1345), in which participants evaluated stories presenting various types of lies, we found usefulness of relying on the dimensions. Results showed that in the joint sample the most acceptable were other-oriented lies concerning private life, then other-oriented lies in the professional domain, followed by egoistic lies in the professional domain; and the least acceptance was shown for egoistic lies regarding one’s private life. We found a negative correlation between acceptance of a behavior and the evaluation of its deceitfulness. 相似文献
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Catching up with wonderful women: The women‐are‐wonderful effect is smaller in more gender egalitarian societies
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Kuba Krys Colin A. Capaldi Wijnand van Tilburg Ottmar V. Lipp Michael Harris Bond C.‐Melanie Vauclair L. Sam S. Manickam Alejandra Domínguez‐Espinosa Claudio Torres Vivian Miu‐Chi Lun Julien Teyssier Lynden K. Miles Karolina Hansen Joonha Park Wolfgang Wagner Angela Arriola Yu Cai Xing Ryan Wise Chien‐Ru Sun Razi Sultan Siddiqui Radwa Salem Muhammad Rizwan Vassilis Pavlopoulos Martin Nader Fridanna Maricchiolo María Malbran Gwatirera Javangwe İdil Işık David O. Igbokwe Taekyun Hur Arif Hassan Ana Gonzalez Márta Fülöp Patrick Denoux Enila Cenko Ana Chkhaidze Eleonora Shmeleva Radka Antalíková Ramadan A. Ahmed 《International journal of psychology》2018,53(Z1):21-26
Inequalities between men and women are common and well‐documented. Objective indexes show that men are better positioned than women in societal hierarchies—there is no single country in the world without a gender gap. In contrast, researchers have found that the women‐are‐wonderful effect—that women are evaluated more positively than men overall—is also common. Cross‐cultural studies on gender equality reveal that the more gender egalitarian the society is, the less prevalent explicit gender stereotypes are. Yet, because self‐reported gender stereotypes may differ from implicit attitudes towards each gender, we reanalysed data collected across 44 cultures, and (a) confirmed that societal gender egalitarianism reduces the women‐are‐wonderful effect when it is measured more implicitly (i.e. rating the personality of men and women presented in images) and (b) documented that the social perception of men benefits more from gender egalitarianism than that of women. 相似文献
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It is better to smile to women: Gender modifies perception of honesty of smiling individuals across cultures
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Kuba Krys Karolina Hansen Cai Xing Alejandra Domínguez Espinosa Piotr Szarota María Fernanda Morales 《International journal of psychology》2015,50(2):150-154
Social perception studies have revealed that smiling individuals are perceived more favourably on many communion dimensions in comparison to nonsmiling individuals. Research on gender differences in smiling habits showed that women smile more than men. In our study, we investigated this phenomena further and hypothesised that women perceive smiling individuals as more honest than men. An experiment conducted in seven countries (China, Germany, Mexico, Norway, Poland, Republic of South Africa and USA) revealed that gender may influence the perception of honesty in smiling individuals. We compared ratings of honesty made by male and female participants who viewed photos of smiling and nonsmiling people. While men and women did not differ on ratings of honesty in nonsmiling individuals, women assessed smiling individuals as more honest than men did. We discuss these results from a social norms perspective. 相似文献
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ResumenEn este artículo se exponen las estrategias de segunda generación que, dentro del ámbito de investigación de la Psicología Diferencial Cognosátiva, se consideran más representativas, a saber: el análisis componencial, el análisis factorial confirmatorio, y el análisis de rasgo latente. Estas estrategias de investigación en Psicología Diferencial Cognoscitiva tienen, en contraste con las estrategias de primera generación, un dominio de aplicación más amplio. Tanto las estrategias de primera como las de segunda generación pueden ser utilizadas conjuntamente, siempre de acuerdo a las consideraáones teóricas de interés que trate de analizar el investigador. 相似文献
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Between Remembering and Forgetting the Years of Political Violence: Psychosocial Impact of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Peru
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Agustín Espinosa Darío Páez Tesania Velázquez Rosa María Cueto Evelyn Seminario Salvador Sandoval Félix Reátegui Iris Jave 《Political psychology》2017,38(5):849-866
This article analyzes the association between knowledge of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), evaluation of TRC's achievements, experience of victimization, attitudes toward remembering and forgetting past political violence, perceptions of socioemotional climate (SEC), belief in forgiveness and attitudes toward violence in Peru based on a study conducted in three Peruvian cities with different rates of victimization due to political violence during 1980–2000 (n = 1200). Results showed that a positive attitude toward remembering the past of political violence was predominant and related to a positive evaluation of TRC's achievements. Attitude toward remembering also has an ambivalent collective effect increasing both positive and negative SECs, and it is less accepted by victims of political violence. On the other hand, attitude toward forgetting is less accepted by participants, and it also has an ambivalent effect by increasing positive and negative SECs. Attitude toward forgetting has more societal costs, since it is related to attitudes toward violence and decreased knowledge and a positive evaluation of TRC. In general, findings suggest that remembering traumatic events has an emotional cost, but also it is shown that remembering seems to be more beneficial for society in the long‐term than forgetting. 相似文献
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It is an established fact that almost every TV channel offers a high level of violent content. The object of this study is to check the degree of acceptance of this media violence in under‐18s. We will also check what cognitive and emotional effects the viewing of different types of violence has. A sample of 203 subjects aged 13 years from Madrid, Spain, viewed a clip from different films. Before and after the film, data were collected about their opinion on violence. Three viewing conditions were established according to the degree and type of violence shown and based on Berkowitz [(1996): Desclée De Brouwer]: action without violence, socially justified violence, and socially unjustified violence. Several ANOVAs were carried out revealing that violence is better valued and more attractive after watching the film sequences than before the showing. Aggr. Behav. 29:381–392, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献