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Edsall JT 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(4):329-340
This paper examines two different, but closely related, classes of problems. The first part deals with whistleblowers, and
the difficulties and dangers that they have often faced, although their actions, in the rare cases where they become necessary,
are indispensable for the maintenance of honest science. The problems are illustrated by discussion of several specific cases
from 1960 to 1990.
The second part deals with problems that face many young scientists today, and the stresses to which they are exposed in an
increasingly competitive atmosphere. There are powerful pressures for premature publication, and many gifted scientists are
driven to spend an inordinate amount of time in writing grant applications that are turned down for lack of funds, while receiving
high praise from reviewers. Correction of conditions is an important matter for science policy; it is also important, among
other things, to relieve pressures that would tend to encourage deviations from the standards necessary for trustworthy science. 相似文献
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It was formerly demonstrated that virtually all reasonable exhaustive serial models, and a more constrained set of exhaustive parallel models, cannot predict critical effects associated with self-terminating models. The present investigation greatly generalizes the parallel class of models covered by similar "impossibility" theorems. Specifically, we prove that if an exhaustive parallel model is not super capacity, and if targets are processed at least as fast as non-targets, then it cannot predict such (self-terminating) effects. Such effects are ubiquitous in the experimental literature, offering strong confirmation for self-terminating processing. Copyright 1997 Academic Press. Copyright 1997 Academic Press 相似文献
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