量词肯定句和否定句的理解

本研究试图探索人们对舍有“所有”、“每一个”、“有一些”等量词的肯定句、否定句和双重否定句的理解。要求成人被试尽快判断呈现在计算机屏幕上的句子和哪一幅图画的内容相符。结果表明,影响反应时的因素为(1)句子的表层结构和它的底层意义的一致程度;(2)句子的意义和从图画中得出的命题的一致程度;(3)句子中使用的量词。结果还表明,否定句的判断时间不一定全都比肯定句的长。     

内隐记忆的初步实验研究

本研究探讨在无意义字母串学习中内隐记忆的某些特点,并兼用信号检测论进行分析。实验按A、B两组材料系列中所含关键字母“SCT”的比例不同,分成六个组,每组11名,共66名被试。结果表明:1.各组差异明显,合“SCT”比例高的学习材料,启动效应明显,从而证明了存在着一个独立的内隐记忆过程;2.本实验新发现,内隐记忆过程中,心理状态波动甚微,情绪状态稳定,有别于外显记忆过程。     

The durations of attention to alternatives and re-evaluation in choices with two and three alternatives

In two experiments on choice the durations of attention to the alternatives were measured. In experiment 1 each subject chose one from two pictures; in experiment 2 the choice was one from three pictures. In both experiments the subjects understood that they would acquire the picture that they selected. In each experiment higher and lower conflict conditions were induced by offering subjects a choice between alternatives that had been evaluated either equally or disparately. In both experiments a significant relationship appeared between duration of attention and preference order with most subjects looking longest at the alternative that was preferred. In the comparison between conditions this effect was found to be stronger under lower conflict than under higher conflict; this difference reached a significant level in experiment 2. These results are contrary to findings by Gerard (1967), and this matter is discussed. The relevance of the results to other theories is examined. Inferences were drawn from dissonance theory about re-evaluation effects after decision, and evaluation changes were measured in the experiments. After adjustment for measurement regression, the data failed to reveal a significant chronic re-evaluation effect. Contrary to dissonance theory, the re-evaluation effect was weaker in the three-alternative choice experiment than in the two-alternative choice experiment.     

老年人对退休生活的心理适应

本研究调查了退休老年人生活的心理适应情况,有70％的老年人能适应退休生活,30％则适应不良。调查研究表明:(1)适应退休生活与年龄、性别、文化、职业等有一定的关系;(2)老年人刚退休时的消极情绪反应与其对退休的心理准备呈负相关;(3)老年人能否适应退休生活,也受其过去生活满意感的影响;(4)找到对工作或消遣娱乐的老年人,多半能适应退休生活。     

肢体伤残者心理康复的试探性研究

三年来,根据接待配装假肢及康复治疗伤残病人的实际情况,我们选择了感觉、知觉和记忆三个项目,进行了测定,即:(1)伤残部位和对应部位的两点阈值测定;(2)装戴假手后提重差别阈限的测定;(3)再认能力测定。结果表明,这些测定对伤残病人的康复治疗和心理评定都有一定的参考价值。     

儿童对几种时间词句的理解

现实中任何事情总是在一定的时、空条件下发生的,所以语言学家概括出简单陈述句的基本模式为:时间坐标+空间坐标+核心句。但时间不同于空间,它是看不见摸不着的,因此儿童在语言中使用时间词汇比空间词汇少而且迟,我们从调查中(注)发现,在七十名     

小学汉语阅读障碍儿童的PASS认知加工特点

本研究以智力的PASS认知模型为基础,考察汉语阅读障碍儿童的PASS认知缺陷模式。研究采用DN:CAS认知评估系统,并结合统计分析对33名汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的PASS认知加工缺陷进行了分析。结果表明,汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童存在不止一种的PASS认知加工缺陷,可能在计划、注意、同时性和继时性加工的一个或几个方面出现了困难。继时性加工缺陷是汉语阅读障碍儿童的主要特征,与英语阅读障碍的研究相一致。此外,汉语阅读障碍儿童在表达性注意、言语-空间关系和继时性加工上的成绩差于生理年龄匹配组,仅达到阅读水平匹配组水平,这些的不足可能是由于发展迟滞所致。     

论医护人员对患者隐私权保护的注意义务

侵害患者隐私权的医疗纠纷频发,很大原因是医护人员未履行对患者隐私保密的高度注意义务。从具体案例出发,就医护人员对患者隐私权保护的注意义务进行阐释,探究该义务产生的根源,对违反该注意义务的责任进行评析。以期提高医护人员对患者隐私权保护注意义务的重视,减少相关医疗纠纷的发生。     

Worry and the suppression of imagery

This experiment investigates Borkovec's theory that the function of worry is to protect people from potentially distressing emotional imagery. The experiment builds on a previous one of Borkovec and Inz (Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 153–158, 1990) comparing the frequency of thoughts and images in imagery and relaxation. The present experiment confirms the previous finding that worry is associated with less imagery than relaxation, but shows that this is not distinctive to worry. Indeed, an additional control condition, ‘present-oriented mentation’, was associated with even less imagery than worry. The fact that other kinds of thinking are at least as effective as worry in suppressing emotional imagery indicates that this property of worry is not sufficient to explain its occurrence.     

进化论与医学教学

达尔文主义在生物学中是一个很重要的理论,它对医学事实所做的进化论解释同样是不应忽视的。但是由于偶然的原因,它一直不能走上医学院的讲台。尽管要克服许多困难,我们还是应该把一些最重要的进化理论传授给我们的医学生,因为这对于他们未来行医是大有益处的。