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1.
Klaus Fiedler Harald Lachnit Doris Fay Christine Krug 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1992,45(1):149-171
The generation effect refers to the memory advantage of words that have been generated rather than read. Such a read-generate comparison confounds qualitative task differences and raises methodological problems. A revised methodology is proposed circumventing these problems in that the encoding task is held constant and all stimuli have to be generated, but the degree of generativeness (i.e. the amount of cueing) is varied. In Experiment 1, 1, the (refined version of the) generation effect is demonstrated in a within-subjects design; with increasing generation activity left to the subject, free recall performance increases. No effect is obtained for degree of target masking. The same finding is replicated and shown to be independent of self-paced study time when generative activity is manipulated between subjects (Experiment 2) or within subjects (Experiment 3). As all learning trials involve generation, encoding time is controlled statistically, and free recall is used as a measure of memory, this refined generation effect cannot be explained as an artifact of selective attention or elaboration. Rather, generative activity seems to increase the mobilization of cognitive resources. This motivational account is supported by Experiment 4 showing an enhanced generation effect for positive mood. 相似文献
2.
Jennifer Barber Watson Hugo H. Gregory Doris J. Kistler 《Journal of Fluency Disorders》1987,12(6):429-450
The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a procedure to assess adult stutterers' communication attitudes. To this end, the investigation was divided into two phases. In Phase I, an assessment inventory based on a tripartite attitudinal model was developed and administered to 107 adult stutterers. Reliability and validity of these procedures were examined, and the inventory was refined. In Phase II, reliability and validity of the attitude assessment procedures were reassessed, and the attitudes of 26 stutterers and 56 nonstutterers were examined. Assessment procedures involved a self-report inventory, which obtained ratings of items in 13 situational subscales representing different speaking situations. These situations were rated using four response scales reflecting behavioral, affective, and cognitive aspects of attitude. Situational responding, response scale scores, and response scale interrelationships are examined. Findings are discussed in terms of the potential value of the inventory and future investigations. 相似文献
3.
Interruptions prevail in the retail environment, especially during consumer decision-making. However, scant research has examined whether and how interruptions that suspend decisions affect consumer choices. We posit that interruptions heighten the consumers' preference certainty, which leads to a choice extremity effect—consumers choose their preferred products even more and their unpreferred products even less. Six experiments provide convergent evidence for the choice extremity effect and the underlying process. Study 1a shows that interruptions lead to choice extremity with a vice product (i.e., chips). Study 1b confirms the effect in the context of incentive-compatible choices. Study 2 replicates the choice extremity effect with a virtue product (i.e., yogurts). Study 3 further tests the robustness of the effect with a decision-related interruption. Study 4 shows that preference certainty mediates the effect of interruptions on choice extremity and rules out the level of arousal and task involvement as alternative accounts. Using a moderation approach, Study 5 shows that the choice extremity effect disappears when consumers have high self-concept clarity. The present study contributes to research on interruptions, preference certainty, and consumer choices and provides implications for marketers. 相似文献
4.
Zexuan Pan Ying Cui Jacqueline P. Leighton Maria Cutumisu 《Applied cognitive psychology》2023,37(1):71-95
This systematic review examines 35 empirical studies featuring the use of think-aloud interviews in computational thinking (CT) research. Findings show that think-aloud interviews (1) are typically conducted in Computer Science classrooms and with K-12 students; (2) are usually combined with other exploratory CT assessment tools; (3) have the potential to benefit learners with special needs and identify the competency gaps through involving diverse participants; (4) are conducted in the absence of cognitive models and standard procedures; and (5) display insufficient definitional and methodological rigor. Theoretically, this review presents a systematic assessment about the application of think-aloud interviews in CT studies and identifies the limitations in existing CT-related think-aloud studies. Practically, this review serves as a reference for studying the cognitive processes during CT problem-solving and provides suggestions for CT researchers who intend to incorporate think-aloud interviews in their studies. 相似文献
5.
This paper presents a way to test the difference between twoX
2's. The test requires evaluating the difference with respect to theT
m
(x) Bessel function. Included is a table of the 5 percent and 1 percent points for the Bessel function with degrees of freedom up to 100.This investigation was supported by National Science Foundation Grant Number GE 9846. 相似文献
6.
Phillip L. Emerson Doris C. Karnisky Carla J. Kastanis 《Behavior research methods》1990,22(2):256-259
Three inexpensive text-to-speech synthesizers are described, intelligibility data from a pilot experiment are reported, and software is offered that has been written to facilitate the phonemic programming of the Heathkit-Votrax synthesizer. 相似文献
7.
Doris A. Trauner M.D. Angela Ballantyne Christopher Chase Paula Tallal 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1993,22(4):445-452
Eight children with developmental language impairment (LI) and eight age-, sex-, socioeconomic-status-, and I.Q.-matched controls were given tests of comprehension and expression of affective intent in spoken language and through facial expression. The LI children performed significantly more poorly than did controls in both comprehension and spontaneous expression of vocal affect. On tasks involving emotional facial expression, the opposite results were observed: The LI children were more dramatic in their expression of facial affect than were the controls. Children with language impairment appear to have a deficit in affective comprehension and expression that is modality-specific, i.e., limited to vocal affect. The heightened range of affective facial expression that they demonstrate may be a compensatory mechanism to offset their difficulties with vocal affect.This work was supported by grant 12-203 from the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, and by NINDS grant NS22343 for the Center for the Study of the Neurological Basis of Language. 相似文献
8.
自由回忆和线索回忆测验中的系列位置效应 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
本文以96个中国汉字为材料,使用自由回忆和线索回忆测验方法,对20名被试进行6组分测验和最后所有汉字的总测验。发现自由回忆分测验中存在明显的系列位置效应,总测验出现负近因现象;线索回忆分测验也表现出明显的系列位置效应,但最后的总测验没有出现负近因现象。上述结果验证了Bjork和Whitten(1974)提出的顺序或情景理论。 相似文献
9.
10.
Yu-Wen Ying 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(6):893-911
Examined cultural orientation in the domains of language proficiency, cultural activity, and social relationship, and its
relationship with psychological well-being in a group of 143 Chinese Americans in San Francisco. Four indicators of psychological
well-being were utilized, two assessing the experience of distress (depression level and negative affect) and two assessing
positive well-being (positive affect and life satisfaction). Domain-specific cultural orientations were found to hold differential
relationships with psychological well-being. For instance, bicultural activity orientation predicted the best psychological
well-being (regardless as to how it was assessed), but socially separatist individuals experienced less negative affect than
assimilated and bicultural respondents. Findings were discussed in the context of the multicultural setting of San Francisco.
It is suggested that future research retain separate assessments of domain-specific cultural orientation, examine the contribution
of the community's ethnic/cultural composition to its members' cultural orientations (i.e., address the role of person-environment
fit) and study their impact on psychological well-being.
The data reported here were collected as part of the author's doctoral dissertation. Ricardo F. Munoz and Guillermo Bernal
guided and supported the implementation of this study; Sunwoo Lee assisted with the data analysis; and Edison J. Trickett
and the anonymous reviewers offered helpful suggestions. 相似文献