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1.
Piasecki TM Jahng S Wood PK Robertson BM Epler AJ Cronk NJ Rohrbaugh JW Heath AC Shiffman S Sher KJ 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2011,120(3):557-571
Alcohol and tobacco use covary at multiple levels of analysis, and co-use of the 2 substances may have profound health consequences. To characterize the motivationally relevant processes contributing to co-use, the current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine the subjective consequences of naturally occurring simultaneous use of alcohol and tobacco. Current smokers who reported frequently drinking alcohol (N=259) used electronic diaries to monitor their daily experiences for 21 days. Participants responded to prompted assessments and also initiated recordings when they smoked a cigarette or completed the first drink in a drinking episode. Momentary reports of smoking and alcohol consumption were associated with one another, and these effects remained after adjustment for occasion- and person-level covariates. When participants consumed alcohol, they reported increased pleasure and decreased punishment from the last cigarette. Smoking was associated with small increases in pleasure from the last drink. Ratings of buzzed and dizzy were synergistically affected by co-use of alcohol and tobacco. Co-use was also followed by higher levels of craving for both alcohol and tobacco. Results point to the importance of reward and incentive processes in ongoing drug use and suggest that alcohol intensifies real-time reports of the motivational consequences of smoking more strongly than smoking affects corresponding appraisals of alcohol effects. 相似文献
2.
Samples of college students from three states (Ohio, New Hampshire, Illinois) rated 390 idioms on familiarity of their figurative
meanings. The Illinois samples also rated the likelihood of encountering the idioms’ literal meanings. Results suggested some
modest regional differences in idiom familiarity, and consistent with Popiel and McRae (1988), the likelihood of encountering
an idiom’s literal meaning is relatively independent of the familiarity of its figurative meaning. The 314 idioms rated by
more than 75% of the subjects are listed with the idioms’ familiarity ratings, as are the 20 most and least familiar idioms
for each of the three states. The 248 idioms rated by at least 75% of the Illinois subjects and the idioms’ figurative and
literal ratings are also presented. 相似文献
3.
Brian C. Cronk Susan D. Lima Wendy A. Schweigert 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1993,22(1):59-82
This study investigated the relationship between subjective frequency of literal usage (literalness), subjective frequency of figurative usage (familiarity), and mean Kucera and Francis (1967) word frequency for idiom phrases. Kucera and Francis frequency was found to be independent of both familiarity and literalness. Furthermore, it was found that literalness, but not the Kucera and Francis frequency of the words in the phrase, affected reading time for literal uses of idioms. For figurative uses of idioms, familiarity and written frequency interacted. A model of idiom processing consistent with the current results and previous results is proposed. In addition, subjective familiarity and literalness norms are provided for 245 idioms.Portions of the normative study were based upon subjects in Schweigert and Cronk (1992). 相似文献
4.
Nitin Trasi Francis X. Clooney Maria Hibbets George Cronk Brian A. Hatcher Robin Rinehart Karen Pechilis Prentiss Hal W. French Francis X. Clooney Lisa Bellantoni Frank J. Korom Robert Menzies Constantina Rhodes Bailly Gavin Flood Rebecca J. Manring Loriliai Biernacki Brian K. Pennington John Grimes Richard D. MacPhail Glenn Wallis John J. Thatamanil John Grimes Thomas Forsthoefel Denise Cush Yasmin Saikia Joseph A. Bracken Lise F. Vail Jacqueline Suthren Hirst Judson B. Trapnell Ellison Banks Findly Paul Waldau D. L. Johnson John Grimes 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》2000,4(1):61-107
5.
Students, faculty, and researchers have become increasingly comfortable with the Internet, and many of them are interestedin using the Web to collectdata. Few published studies have investigated the differences between Web-based data and data collected with more traditional methods. In order to investigate these potential differences, two important factors were crossed in this study: whether the data were collected on line or not and whether the data were collected in a group setting at a fixed time or individually at a time of the respondent’s choosing. The Visions of Morality scale (Shelton & McAdams, 1990) was used, and the participants were assigned to one of four conditions: in-class Web survey, in-class paper-and-pencil survey; take-home Web survey, and take-home paper-and-pencil survey. No significant differences in scores were found for any condition; however, response rates were affected by the type of survey administered, with the take-home Web-based instrument having the lowest response rate. Therefore, researchers need to be aware that different modes of administration may affect subject attrition and may, therefore, confound investigations of other independent variables. 相似文献
6.
Abstract. Rappaport's comment includes several errors. First, he conflates manipulation and deceit. Second, he confuses the rationalism of the evolutionary biological analysis of organisms with the rationalism (or lack thereof) of the motivational and cognitive structures of the organisms under study. Third, his moralistic judgment of my focus on manipulation implies that scientists should not only not explore but should also suppress such unsettling ideas. We will make little progress in understanding morality and in fostering truly moral behavior if we refuse to acknowledge that moralistic statements may sometimes, and perhaps even often, be used in a manipulative way. 相似文献
7.
Samples of college students from three states (Ohio, New Hampshire, Illinois) rated 390 idioms on familiarity of their figurative
meanings. The Illinois samples also rated the likelihood of encountering the idioms’ literal meanings. Results suggested some
modest regional differences in idiom familiarity, and consistent with Popiel and McRae (1988), the likelihood of encountering
an idiom’s literal meaning is relatively independent of the familiarity of its figurative meaning. The 314 idioms rated by
more than 75% of the subjects are listed with the idioms’ familiarity ratings, as are the 20 most and least familiar idioms
for each of the three states. The 248 idioms rated by at least 75% of the Illinois subjects and the idioms’ figurative and
literal ratings are also presented. 相似文献
8.
9.
Abstract. Several attempts have recently been made to explain moral systems and moral sentiments in light of evolutionary biological theory. It may be helpful to modify and extend this project with the help of a theory of communication developed by ethologists. The core of this approach is the idea that signals are best seen as attempts to manipulate others rather than as attempts to inform them. This addition helps to clarify some problematic areas in the evolutionary study of morals, and it generates new, testable predictions about moral statements. 相似文献
10.
Cronk NJ Slutske WS Madden PA Bucholz KK Heath AC 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2004,113(2):237-247
The authors examined genetic and environmental influences, including the contributions of 2 measured aspects of the shared environment of twins (paternal absence, socioeconomic disadvantage) on the development of mother-reported separation anxiety disorder (SAD) history in a sample of 1,887 female twin pairs. Four different symptom categories of SAD were considered. Results revealed that all 4 SAD symptom categories were significantly heritable, whereas the contribution of shared environmental influences to the variation in risk was significant for only 2 of the 4 SAD categories. Paternal absence was found to have an important influence in vulnerability for SAD, whereas the effect of socioeconomic disadvantage was less robust. Evidence for race differences in the etiology of SAD was not found. 相似文献