Physiology as the antechamber to metaphysics: the young William James's hope for a philosophical psychology

In the 5 years before 1878, when his career in psychology was becoming established, William James wrote a series of notes and reviews assessing the work of many of the pioneers in the new field. Adopting a public and confident voice, even while he was privately still uncertain and searching, James criticized the dogmatism of positivist and idealist claims to the study of the human brain and mind. In his short writings of 1873-1877, James started to formulate his own middle path. His first steps on that path show that he did not reject either scientific or philosophic inquiry; instead, he viewed scientific knowledge as a way to understand philosophical questions more deeply. Saving his sharpest critiques for positivism, James endorsed scientific investigation without materialist assmptions. While his career in psychology was still only a hope, James treated science as a means toward humanist insight.     

Contraction intensity and velocity on vastus lateralis SEMG power spectrum and amplitude

Effect of contraction intensity [100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)] and movement velocity [0 degrees (isometric)], 50 degrees, 100 degrees, 200 degrees, and 400 degrees/sec. [isovelocities]) on root mean square amplitude (SEMG-RMS) and median frequency power spectrum (SEMG-MNF) of vastus lateralis (VL) surface electromyography was investigated with ten healthy female university students. Peak torque (PT), mean torque (MT), SEMG-MNF, and SEMG-RMS, analyzed using separate repeated-measures analyses of variance (p < or = .05), indicated: (1) an inverse relation between PT and MT and movement velocity, (2) greater SEMG-MNF values during all isovelocity conditions compared with isometric conditions, with highest values occurring at 50 degrees /sec. and at 100% and 75% MVC, and (3) at all contraction intensities SEMG-RMS values were higher during dynamic movements than isometric movements and highest at 200 degrees /sec. Isovelocity contractions were inferred to facilitate a greater recruitment of fast-twitch fibers (via increased SEMG-MNF), which was intensified at 50 degrees /sec., whereas greater overall muscle activation was found at 200 degrees /sec.     

作为思想和作为行动的历史

克罗齐否定历史哲学的超验必然性和因果必然性,但肯定历史学的逻辑必然性.克罗齐认为,历史不是"牧歌",也不是"恐怖的悲剧",而是一部戏剧:所有时代、一切民族、全部成员登台表演,并集善恶于一身;但历史的主导思想是善,最终恶促进向善——历史总是自由的历史.     

Alcohol as social lubricant.

This study examines how consuming alcohol differentially affects the communicative behavior and perceptions of high and low social self‐esteem (SSE) women as they engage in a brief interaction with a flirtatious male. Alcohol myopia theory proposes that alcohol affects behavior when it blocks a person's normal inhibitions about enacting a behavior. It was predicted that low SSE women would be more inhibited when talking to a flirtatious male than would high SSE women and, therefore administration of a social self‐esteem measure and random assignment to an alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverage condition, participants (N=50) talked with an attractive, flirtatious male confederate. Low SSE women were less anxious and self‐disclosed more when drinking than when sober, whereas high SSE women were not significantly affected by alcohol consumption. The discussion highlights the complex and often contradictory effects of alcohol consumption on social interaction.     

Reaching beyond Uncle William: a century of William James in theory and in life

During the hundred years since his death, James's works have developed a reputation for literary flair and personal appeal, but also for inconsistency and lack of rigor; this has contributed to more admiration than influence. He had a talent rare among intellectuals for popularization of complex ideas. Meanwhile, his difficult coming of age and his compelling personality have contributed to an iconic status as a kind of uncle figure in philosophy, psychology, religious studies, and more fields that he influenced, and in American intellectual life in general, rather than as a major philosopher and scholar. Often reflecting these ways of depicting James, his biographies have gone through three phases: in the early-to-middle twentieth century, emphasis on his development of theories as solutions to personal problems; since the 1960s, increased scrutiny of deep troubles in his private life; and recently renewed attention to intellectual factors especially as amplified by greater appreciation of James's theories in the last generation. Now, with so much knowledge and insight achieved for understanding his personal life and his contributions to many fields, a next frontier for biographical work will be in synthesis of these strands of the life of William James. Recent and prospective work offers the promise of finding deeper meaning and implications in his work beyond, and even through, his informal style, and with integration of his apparent inconsistencies.     

直觉与表现的辩证统一

在维柯的故乡 ,2 0世纪涌现出一位百科全书派式的巨人 :他家资巨万 ,却终生探索追求 ;他无学衔 ,甚至没有大学文凭 ,却靠勤奋自学享誉世界 ;别人称他为“新黑格尔主义者” ,却一再遭他反对 ;他不赞成马克思主义 ,却是文化界反法西斯的旗手 ;他是个书斋学者 ,却有着强烈的社会责任感和使命感 ,在历史的转折关头从不退缩 ;可能你对他庞杂的哲学体系不甚了了 ,但不会不知道“直觉即表现”、“一切历史都是当代史”的格言。他———就是克罗齐 :意大利著名哲学家、美学家、历史学家、史学理论家、文学批评家和政治家。 1 952年 1 1月 2 0日 ,克罗齐在那不勒斯逝世。     

作为创造的艺术和作为行动的创造

当艺术理论摆脱模仿外部实在概念时,自身就从沉重的枷锁下解放出来,无论外部实在被理解为经验和物质实在(模仿自然),还是被理解为观念和精神实在(模仿美质或理想)。在这两种情况下,实在实际上都被视为外在的和超验的,结果艺术性能沦为消极的或接受的性能：这是词语上的矛盾。此外,这一模仿及外部世界的虚假概念,     

一切历史都是当代史

被认为是最近过去的一段时间的历史，无论是最近50年、10年、一年、一月、一日的，甚至还是最近一小时和最近一分钟的，习惯称之为“当代史”。但是，若想严密思考和准确叙述，“当代史”只应指紧随已完成的行动产生、作为对此行动的意识的历史。