"气韵本乎游心"——道家"气"思想的心学意义

本文分别从认识论、实践论、心性论三个层面论述了道家气思想对气韵本乎游心这一美学命题的哲学基础性影响,归纳出道—气—心—性—德—虚静—美的命题,认为虚静之心无论对于宗教修炼还是艺术创作都是根本的起点和最终的极境,人之身心正是在虚静中才能体悟到道家之道、道教美学之美、内丹之仙、中国艺术之气韵。     

0-6岁儿童早期教育观念的调查研究

本研究采用调查分析法、访谈法,对0-6岁儿童家长与教师的早期教育观念进行了调查.研究发现,这两类群体认为儿童在0-6岁期问最需要关注的是健康的身体素质、诚实守信的道德品质、坚持与专注的学习品质;不同年龄阶段儿童(0-3岁、4-6岁)需要关注的素质与早期教育方式因他们身心发展特点不同而有所不同;(3)青年人与中年人评定的结果基本一致,教师与家长在多个项目的评定上呈现出差异.研究的结果对早期教育的导向有所启示.     

The nature of prolonged word search

Two alternative hypotheses were considered concerning the process of prolonged search for an uncommon word in response to hearing its definition. One alternative is that a conscious retrieval effort brings the target progressively closer to threshold. The second is that the retrieval process is a random neural exploration outside of conscious control. A tachistoscopic probe was devised to compare word recognition thresholds after 10 sec versus 30 sec of presumed search time. Results failed to show a difference between the two delay conditions and were interpreted as inconsistent with the first alternative but consistent with the second.     

Acupuncture and emotion: the influence of acupuncture anesthesia on the sensory and emotional components of pain

Objective indices (heart rate, perspiration quantity, finger plethysmograph curves, and facial expression) and subjective indices (sensory and emotional subject reports) were recorded for 25 young Chinese adults (16 men, 9 women) during and after the simultaneous application of a strong pain stimulus and either foot classical (alloneural points Tsusanli and Yanglingchuan) or hand classical (alloneural points Hegu and Neiguan) acupuncture. Both forms of acupuncture were equally effective, showing that stimulation of the same nerve is not essential for pain relief. Acupuncture assuaged the emotional, but not the sensory, response to the painful stimulation.     

How much and how fast: rapid processing of spoken language in later adulthood

Speech processing involves rapid decoding and construction of meaning from a transitory acoustic signal. Because older adults have been found to be slower in performing many cognitive tasks, we hypothesized that they may have difficulty in immediate recall for speech of increasing input rate. Two experiments are reported in which both older and younger participants listened to and immediately recalled sentences that were systematically varied in speech rate and number of propositions. Although recall performance of the older adults showed a disproportionate decline when speech rate was increased, older adults, as well as the younger adults, were able to recall sentences of increasing propositional densities. We also found that the tendency to recall a greater proportion of main ideas than details (the levels effect) was enhanced by increased propositional density, and depressed by increased speech rate and increased age. These results are discussed in terms of an age-related change in the rate at which information can be processed in working memory.     

Response latencies in naming objects

After some preliminary analysis of what is involved in naming objects, in which the possible role of classificatory systems in the memory store is discussed, it is shown experimentally that there are consistent differences between the times taken to respond to presented objects by uttering their names, variations between the performances of different individuals being outweighed by variations due to the different objects. Moreover, there is a high consistency between different individuals as to the ordering of objects in respect of their naming latencies. It is further shown that a high correlation exists between the time taken to name an object and the frequency with which its name occurs in the language as a whole, as estimated in the Thorndike-Lorge Word List. Some implications of these findings are discussed, especially with reference to possible mechanisms by which presented objects are visually identified, and the appropriate names retrieved from the “word-store.”     

20岁至90岁成人的某些记忆活动的变化

本工作是我们过去关于记忆年老化研究的继续。记忆材料为自行设计并与全国若干单位协作编制的“试用临床记忆量表”。受试为健康成人210名.分为7个年龄组,各组性别、文化匹配。每组有20名并作韦氏成人智力量表检查。结果:1.成年至老年记忆变化总的趋势是,50岁组开始有明显减退,70岁后又有更显著的减退。2.在智力匹配条件下记忆年老化趋势相同(20、40、50、60、70岁年龄组)。3.无意义图形再认和有关联想学习年龄差异最小,无关联想学习和人像的姓氏,爱好特点回忆年龄差异最大,表明老年人建立无关的全新的联系困难。据此,作者指出老年记忆障碍可能是编码储存和提取困难相互作用的结果。     

豚尾猴(Macaca nemestrina)等灵长类动物反转学习的比较研究

不同种类猿猴脑高级机能的比较生理心理研究的资料很少,并且意见不完全一致。和(1997)曾报道黑猩猩较阿拉伯狒有较大的推断能力。Shell和Riopelle(1958)报道阔鼻猴蜘蛛猴(Ateles geoffroyi),卷尾猴(Cebus albifrons)     

老年人短时记忆特点的研究

本工作以50名青年作对照,对240名65—90岁正常老人的短时记忆特点进行了研究。结果看到:1.在逻辑故事记忆、图象自由回忆、数字广度和指向记忆四项记忆成绩上,均有随年老而衰退的明显趋势。其中除数字广度外,其他三项记忆在入老年后(65岁至90岁)有继续减退的趋势。在逻辑故事、指向记忆和总分上还见到有65岁和70岁组、75岁和80岁组成绩接近的现象;2.老年人顺背数字成绩较好,对刺激序列中末端刺激的正确回忆率较高,均说明老年人的初级记忆受损较少;3.四项记忆成绩比较,青年组故事分节分最高,然后依次为图象自由回忆、顺背数字和指向记忆,而老年组则无此明显顺序;4.文化因素对记忆成绩有明显影响。