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Sex Roles - Forty-eight toddler boys and girls, 18 to 36 months of age, were observed in play groups. The assertive acts of each child and the responses of peers and teachers were recorded. The... 相似文献
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C R Snyder T W Smith R W Augelli R E Ingram 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1985,48(4):970-980
We tested the hypothesis that socially anxious or shy individuals use their anxiety symptoms as a strategy to control attributions made about their performances in social-evaluative settings (i.e., self-handicapping strategies). Specifically, we predicted that trait-socially anxious or shy persons would report more symptoms of social anxiety in an evaluative setting in which anxiety or shyness could serve as an excuse for poor performance than would individuals in (a) an evaluative setting in which shyness was precluded as an excuse or (b) a nonevaluative setting. Furthermore, we predicted that this self-protective pattern of symptom reporting would not occur for individuals who were not trait-socially anxious because these persons would not commonly use such symptoms as a self-handicapping strategy. Results supported these predictions for male subjects, but not for female subjects. Sex differences in the strategic use of shyness are discussed in relation to other research on sex differences in the etiology and correlates of social anxiety. 相似文献
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One of the more important and emerging fields in which psychologists collaborate with other disciplines is psychoimmunology.
Centuries of clinical anecdote and decades of psychosomatic hypotheses have gained credibility in the eyes of the medical
establishment—and many patients—by the systematic investigation of mechanisms potentially explaining how events intrapsychic
and interpersonal could affect physical disease processes. The central nervous system is connected with the immune system
by both neuronal and endocrinological pathways. The immune system has been found to mediate the organism’s response to aberrations
of its own normal functions, as well as to invading organisms from without. AIDS, arthritis, asthma, lupus, and herpes are
some of the illnesses in which research is demonstrating important relationships among psychosocial and immunological factors
and disease course. In this article, we first discuss the immunological apparatus in order to provide a base for subsequent
discussions of the effects of stress on immune function. Then we discuss malignant diseases and current evidence that disease
course is related to both psychosocial stressors and immune function. We next discuss a model of these interactions, and finally
we talk about interventions incorporating psychosocial factors aimed at influencing immune status and, thus, disease course. 相似文献
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A design for an Apple II interface that senses relative rotary position and/or motion via a digital potentiometer is presented. A thorough discussion of the circuit’s theory of operation and a fully commented BASIC software listing are included. Suggested applications include an infinite-turn rotary device for psychophysical methods of adjustment, the sensing of rotary translations of a steering wheel in a driving simulator, and a digital tachometer/odometer for tracking performance on stationary exercise bicycles and treadmills. 相似文献
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The ability of infants to perceive three-dimensional structure from transformations of linear perspective was investigated in two studies. Infants were habituated to the pattern of linear perspective transformations corresponding to a particular three-dimensional object, and their relative preference for that object as compared with a different three-dimensional object was assessed both before and after habituation. The habituation displays showed the distorting shadow cast by a rotating object and therefore provided only transformations of linear perspective as information specifying three-dimensional form. The pre- and posttest displays involved the actual three-dimensional objects and provided binocular, shading, and texture information specifying three-dimensional form, but did not provide informative transformations of linear perspective. In Study 1, 6-month-olds showed changes in preference from pre- to posttest that were related to the identity of the object whose shadow they had seen during habituation; 4-month-olds, however, did not show preference changes related to the habituation object. In Study 2, rhythm information that may have served as a basis for responding in Study 1 was eliminated from the test displays. Six-month-olds again showed changes in preference that were dependent on their habituation experience. It is concluded that, by 6 months of age, infants are able to perceive object structure from the isolated cue of transformations of linear perspective. The findings are discussed with reference to infants’ three-dimensional form perception based on other cues and also with reference to the emergence of certain spatially related moter activities. 相似文献
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Sherrill M. Metzger Stephan R. Bollman Ruth M. Hoeflin Beverly L. Schmalzried 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1969,47(7):671-674
This study compares the after-college life styles of participants in a college honors program with a control group of women who were not college honors students in order to determine the effects of a college honors program on life roles after college. The 81 participants of this study represent 93 percent of women who participated as college freshmen and during their ensuing college years in a study to determine the effects of an honors program on students while still in college. The results of the current study—the first contact with the women since they left college—illustrates the differences between the present life roles of these two groups of women in the areas of family involvement, careers, education, and community participation. The results show significant differences between honors and non-honors subjects in career-orientation and in commitment to their field of study and to the university at which they studied. 相似文献
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Beverly Alberding Philip Lauver Jerry Patnoe 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1993,72(1):33-38
In the decade since professional counselor regulation was widely debated, more than half of the states have legislated regulation, and it is sought in others. The extent to which counselors in a state currently pursuing legislation are familiar with potential consequences of legislated regulation was examined. Most counselors were found to be unfamiliar with potential negative consequences of regulation, and most were desirous of more information regarding these issues. Implications of the findings for the profession are presented. 相似文献